a2p
accept
access
acct
addftinfo
addr2line
adjtime
afmtodit
after
aio_cancel
aio_error
aio_read
aio_return
aio_suspend
aio_waitcomplete
aio_write
alias
aliases
alloc
anvil
append
apply
apropos
ar
array
as
asa
asn1parse
at
atq
atrm
attemptckalloc
attemptckrealloc
authlib
authtest
autopoint
awk
b64decode
b64encode
basename
batch
bc
bdes
bell
bg
bgerror
biff
big5
binary
bind
bindkey
bindtags
bindtextdomain
bio
bitmap
blowfish
bn
bootparams
bootptab
bounce
brandelf
break
breaksw
brk
bsdiff
bsdtar
bsnmpd
bspatch
bthost
btsockstat
buffer
builtin
builtins
bunzip2
button
byacc
bzcat
bzegrep
bzfgrep
bzgrep
bzip2
c2ph
c89
c99
ca
cal
calendar
canvas
cap_mkdb
case
cat
catch
catman
cc
cd
cdcontrol
chdir
checkbutton
checknr
chflags
chfn
chgrp
chio
chkey
chmod
chown
chpass
chroot
chsh
ci
ciphers
ckalloc
ckdist
ckfree
ckrealloc
cksum
cleanup
clear
clipboard
clock
clock_getres
clock_gettime
clock_settime
close
cmp
co
col
colcrt
colldef
colors
colrm
column
comm
command
compile_et
complete
compress
concat
config
connect
console
continue
core
courierlogger
couriertcpd
cp
cpan
cpio
cpp
creat
crl
crontab
crunchgen
crunchide
crypt
crypto
csh
csplit
ctags
ctm
ctm_dequeue
ctm_rmail
ctm_smail
cu
cursor
cursors
cut
cvs
date
dbiprof
dbiproxy
dc
dcgettext
dcngettext
dd
dde
default
defer
deliverquota
des
destroy
devfs
df
dgettext
dgst
dh
dhparam
dialog
diff
diff3
dig
dir
dirent
dirname
dirs
discard
disktab
dngettext
do
domainname
done
dprofpp
dsa
dsaparam
dtmfdecode
du
dup
dup2
eaccess
ec
ecdsa
echo
echotc
ecparam
ed
edit
editrc
ee
egrep
elf
elfdump
elif
else
enc
enc2xs
encoding
end
endif
endsw
engine
enigma
entry
env
envsubst
eof
eqn
err
errno
error
errstr
esac
ethers
euc
eui64
eval
event
evp
ex
exec
execve
exit
expand
export
exports
expr
extattr
extattr_delete_fd
extattr_delete_file
extattr_get_fd
extattr_get_file
extattr_set_fd
extattr_set_file
f77
false
famm
famx
fblocked
fbtab
fc
fchdir
fchflags
fchmod
fchown
fcntl
fconfigure
fcopy
fdescfs
fdformat
fdread
fdwrite
fetch
fg
fgrep
fhopen
fhstat
fhstatfs
fi
file
file2c
fileevent
filename
filetest
find
find2perl
finger
flex
flock
flush
fmt
focus
fold
font
fontedit
for
foreach
fork
format
forward
fpathconf
frame
from
fs
fstab
fstat
fstatfs
fsync
ftp
ftpchroot
ftpusers
ftruncate
futimes
g711conv
gb2312
gb18030
gbk
gcc
gcore
gcov
gdb
gencat
gendsa
genrsa
gensnmptree
getconf
getdents
getdirentries
getdtablesize
getegid
geteuid
getfacl
getfh
getfsstat
getgid
getgroups
getitimer
getlogin
getopt
getopts
getpeername
getpgid
getpgrp
getpid
getppid
getpriority
getresgid
getresuid
getrlimit
getrusage
gets
getsid
getsockname
getsockopt
gettext
gettextize
gettimeofday
gettytab
getuid
glob
global
gmake
goto
gperf
gprof
grab
grep
grid
grn
grodvi
groff
groff_font
groff_out
groff_tmac
grog
grolbp
grolj4
grops
grotty
group
groups
gunzip
gzcat
gzexe
gzip
h2ph
h2xs
hash
hashstat
hd
head
help2man
hesinfo
hexdump
history
host
hostname
hosts
hosts_access
hosts_options
hpftodit
http
hup
i386_get_ioperm
i386_get_ldt
i386_set_ioperm
i386_set_ldt
i386_vm86
iconv
id
ident
idprio
if
ifnames253
ifnames259
image
imapd
incr
indent
indxbib
info
infokey
inode
install
instmodsh
interp
intro
introduction
ioctl
ipcrm
ipcs
ipf
ipftest
ipnat
ippool
ipresend
issetugid
jail
jail_attach
jobid
jobs
join
jot
kbdcontrol
kbdmap
kcon
kdestroy
kdump
kenv
kevent
keycap
keylogin
keylogout
keymap
keysyms
kgdb
kill
killall
killpg
kinit
kldfind
kldfirstmod
kldload
kldnext
kldstat
kldsym
kldunload
klist
kpasswd
kqueue
kse
kse_create
kse_exit
kse_release
kse_switchin
kse_thr_interrupt
kse_wakeup
ktrace
label
labelframe
lam
lappend
last
lastcomm
lastlog
lchflags
lchmod
lchown
ld
ldap
ldapadd
ldapcompare
ldapdelete
ldapmodify
ldapmodrdn
ldappasswd
ldapsearch
ldapwhoami
ldd
leave
less
lesskey
lex
lgetfh
lhash
libnetcfg
library
limit
limits
lindex
link
linprocfs
linsert
lint
lio_listio
list
listbox
listen
lj4_font
lkbib
llength
lmtp
ln
load
loadfont
local
locale
locate
lock
lockf
log
logger
login
logins
logname
logout
look
lookbib
lorder
lower
lp
lpq
lpr
lprm
lptest
lrange
lreplace
ls
lsearch
lseek
lset
lsort
lstat
lsvfs
lutimes
lynx
m4
madvise
magic
mail
maildiracl
maildirkw
maildirmake
mailq
mailx
make
makeinfo
makewhatis
man
manpath
master
mc
mcedit
mcview
md2
md4
md5
mdc2
memory
menu
menubar
menubutton
merge
mesg
message
mincore
minherit
minigzip
mkdep
mkdir
mkfifo
mkimapdcert
mklocale
mknod
mkpop3dcert
mkstr
mktemp
mlock
mlockall
mmap
mmroff
modfind
modfnext
modnext
modstat
moduli
more
motd
mount
mprotect
mptable
msdos
msdosfs
msgattrib
msgcat
msgcmp
msgcomm
msgconv
msgen
msgexec
msgfilter
msgfmt
msggrep
msginit
msgmerge
msgs
msgunfmt
msguniq
mskanji
msql2mysql
msync
mt
munlock
munlockall
munmap
mv
myisamchk
myisamlog
myisampack
mysql
mysqlaccess
mysqladmin
mysqlbinlog
mysqlcheck
mysqld
mysqldump
mysqld_multi
mysqld_safe
mysqlhotcopy
mysqlimport
mysqlshow
mysql_config
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
mysql_zap
namespace
nanosleep
nawk
nc
ncal
ncplist
ncplogin
ncplogout
neqn
netconfig
netgroup
netid
netstat
networks
newaliases
newgrp
nex
nfsstat
nfssvc
ngettext
nice
nl
nm
nmount
nohup
nologin
notify
nroff
nseq
nslookup
ntp_adjtime
ntp_gettime
nvi
nview
objcopy
objdump
objformat
ocsp
od
onintr
open
openssl
opieaccess
opieinfo
opiekey
opiekeys
opiepasswd
option
options
oqmgr
pack
package
packagens
pagesize
palette
pam_auth
panedwindow
parray
passwd
paste
patch
pathchk
pathconf
pawd
pax
pbm
pcre
pcreapi
pcrebuild
pcrecallout
pcrecompat
pcrecpp
pcregrep
pcrematching
pcrepartial
pcrepattern
pcreperform
pcreposix
pcreprecompile
pcresample
pcretest
perl
perl56delta
perl58delta
perl561delta
perl570delta
perl571delta
perl572delta
perl573delta
perl581delta
perl582delta
perl583delta
perl584delta
perl585delta
perl586delta
perl587delta
perl588delta
perl5004delta
perl5005delta
perlaix
perlamiga
perlapi
perlapio
perlapollo
perlartistic
perlbeos
perlbook
perlboot
perlbot
perlbs2000
perlbug
perlcall
perlcc
perlce
perlcheat
perlclib
perlcn
perlcompile
perlcygwin
perldata
perldbmfilter
perldebguts
perldebtut
perldebug
perldelta
perldgux
perldiag
perldoc
perldos
perldsc
perlebcdic
perlembed
perlepoc
perlfaq
perlfaq1
perlfaq2
perlfaq3
perlfaq4
perlfaq5
perlfaq6
perlfaq7
perlfaq8
perlfaq9
perlfilter
perlfork
perlform
perlfreebsd
perlfunc
perlglossary
perlgpl
perlguts
perlhack
perlhist
perlhpux
perlhurd
perlintern
perlintro
perliol
perlipc
perlirix
perlivp
perljp
perlko
perllexwarn
perllinux
perllocale
perllol
perlmachten
perlmacos
perlmacosx
perlmint
perlmod
perlmodinstall
perlmodlib
perlmodstyle
perlmpeix
perlnetware
perlnewmod
perlnumber
perlobj
perlop
perlopenbsd
perlopentut
perlos2
perlos390
perlos400
perlothrtut
perlpacktut
perlplan9
perlpod
perlpodspec
perlport
perlqnx
perlre
perlref
perlreftut
perlrequick
perlreref
perlretut
perlrun
perlsec
perlsolaris
perlstyle
perlsub
perlsyn
perlthrtut
perltie
perltoc
perltodo
perltooc
perltoot
perltrap
perltru64
perltw
perlunicode
perluniintro
perlutil
perluts
perlvar
perlvmesa
perlvms
perlvos
perlwin32
perlxs
perlxstut
perror
pfbtops
pftp
pgrep
phones
photo
pic
pickup
piconv
pid
pipe
pkcs7
pkcs8
pkcs12
pkg_add
pkg_check
pkg_create
pkg_delete
pkg_info
pkg_sign
pkg_version
pkill
pl2pm
place
pod2html
pod2latex
pod2man
pod2text
pod2usage
podchecker
podselect
poll
popd
popup
posix_madvise
postalias
postcat
postconf
postdrop
postfix
postkick
postlock
postlog
postmap
postqueue
postsuper
pr
pread
preadv
printcap
printenv
printf
proc
procfs
profil
protocols
prove
proxymap
ps
psed
psroff
pstruct
ptrace
publickey
pushd
puts
pwd
pwrite
pwritev
qmgr
qmqpd
quota
quotactl
radiobutton
raise
rand
ranlib
rcp
rcs
rcsclean
rcsdiff
rcsfile
rcsfreeze
rcsintro
rcsmerge
read
readelf
readlink
readonly
readv
realpath
reboot
recv
recvfrom
recvmsg
red
ree
refer
regexp
registry
regsub
rehash
remote
rename
repeat
replace
req
reset
resolver
resource
return
rev
revoke
rfcomm_sppd
rfork
rhosts
ripemd
ripemd160
rlog
rlogin
rm
rmd160
rmdir
rpc
rpcgen
rs
rsa
rsautl
rsh
rtld
rtprio
rup
ruptime
rusers
rwall
rwho
s2p
safe
sasl
sasldblistusers2
saslpasswd2
sbrk
scache
scale
scan
sched
sched_getparam
sched_getscheduler
sched_get_priority_max
sched_get_priority_min
sched_rr_get_interval
sched_setparam
sched_setscheduler
sched_yield
scon
scp
script
scrollbar
sdiff
sed
seek
select
selection
semctl
semget
semop
send
sendbug
sendfile
sendmail
sendmsg
sendto
services
sess_id
set
setegid
setenv
seteuid
setfacl
setgid
setgroups
setitimer
setlogin
setpgid
setpgrp
setpriority
setregid
setresgid
setresuid
setreuid
setrlimit
setsid
setsockopt
settc
settimeofday
setty
setuid
setvar
sftp
sh
sha
sha1
sha256
shar
shells
shift
shmat
shmctl
shmdt
shmget
showq
shutdown
sigaction
sigaltstack
sigblock
sigmask
sigpause
sigpending
sigprocmask
sigreturn
sigsetmask
sigstack
sigsuspend
sigvec
sigwait
size
slapadd
slapcat
slapd
slapdn
slapindex
slappasswd
slaptest
sleep
slogin
slurpd
smbutil
smime
smtp
smtpd
socket
socketpair
sockstat
soelim
sort
source
spawn
speed
spinbox
spkac
splain
split
squid
squid_ldap_auth
squid_ldap_group
squid_unix_group
sscop
ssh
sshd_config
ssh_config
stab
startslip
stat
statfs
stop
string
strings
strip
stty
su
subst
sum
suspend
swapoff
swapon
switch
symlink
sync
sysarch
syscall
sysconftool
sysconftoolcheck
systat
s_client
s_server
s_time
tabs
tail
talk
tar
tbl
tclsh
tcltest
tclvars
tcopy
tcpdump
tcpslice
tcsh
tee
tell
telltc
telnet
term
termcap
terminfo
test
texindex
texinfo
text
textdomain
tfmtodit
tftp
then
threads
time
tip
tk
tkerror
tkvars
tkwait
tlsmgr
tmac
top
toplevel
touch
tput
tr
trace
trafshow
trap
troff
true
truncate
truss
tset
tsort
tty
ttys
type
tzfile
ui
ul
ulimit
umask
unalias
uname
uncomplete
uncompress
undelete
unexpand
unhash
unifdef
unifdefall
uniq
units
unknown
unlimit
unlink
unmount
unset
unsetenv
until
unvis
update
uplevel
uptime
upvar
usbhidaction
usbhidctl
users
utf8
utimes
utmp
utrace
uudecode
uuencode
uuidgen
vacation
variable
verify
version
vfork
vgrind
vgrindefs
vi
vidcontrol
vidfont
view
virtual
vis
vt220keys
vwait
w
wait
wait3
wait4
waitpid
wall
wc
wget
what
whatis
where
whereis
which
while
who
whoami
whois
window
winfo
wish
wm
write
writev
wtmp
x509
xargs
xgettext
xmlwf
xstr
xsubpp
yacc
yes
ypcat
ypchfn
ypchpass
ypchsh
ypmatch
yppasswd
ypwhich
yyfix
zcat
zcmp
zdiff
zegrep
zfgrep
zforce
zgrep
zmore
znew
_exit
__syscall
 
FreeBSD/Linux/UNIX General Commands Manual
Hypertext Man Pages
x509
 
X509(1)                             OpenSSL                            X509(1)



NAME
       x509 - Certificate display and signing utility

SYNOPSIS
       openssl x509 [-inform DER|PEM|NET] [-outform DER|PEM|NET] [-keyform
       DER|PEM] [-CAform DER|PEM] [-CAkeyform DER|PEM] [-in filename] [-out
       filename] [-serial] [-hash] [-subject] [-issuer] [-nameopt option]
       [-email] [-startdate] [-enddate] [-purpose] [-dates] [-modulus] [-fin-
       gerprint] [-alias] [-noout] [-trustout] [-clrtrust] [-clrreject]
       [-addtrust arg] [-addreject arg] [-setalias arg] [-days arg]
       [-set_serial n] [-signkey filename] [-x509toreq] [-req] [-CA filename]
       [-CAkey filename] [-CAcreateserial] [-CAserial filename] [-text] [-C]
       [-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2] [-clrext] [-extfile filename] [-extensions sec-
       tion] [-engine id]

DESCRIPTION
       The x509 command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be used
       to display certificate information, convert certificates to various
       forms, sign certificate requests like a "mini CA" or edit certificate
       trust settings.

       Since there are a large number of options they will split up into vari-
       ous sections.

OPTIONS
       INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS


       -inform DER|PEM|NET
           This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an
           X509 certificate but this can change if other options such as -req
           are present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the certificate
           and PEM is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with header and
           footer lines added. The NET option is an obscure Netscape server
           format that is now obsolete.

       -outform DER|PEM|NET
           This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning
           as the -inform option.

       -in filename
           This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or
           standard input if this option is not specified.

       -out filename
           This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output
           by default.

       -md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2
           the digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that
           uses a message digest, such as the -fingerprint, -signkey and -CA
           options. If not specified then MD5 is used. If the key being used
           to sign with is a DSA key then this option has no effect: SHA1 is
           always used with DSA keys.

       -engine id
           specifying an engine (by it's unique id string) will cause req to
           attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
           thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the
           default for all available algorithms.

       DISPLAY OPTIONS

       Note: the -alias and -purpose options are also display options but are
       described in the TRUST SETTINGS section.

       -text
           prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output
           including the public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject
           names, serial number any extensions present and any trust settings.

       -certopt option
           customise the output format used with -text. The option argument
           can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. The
           -certopt switch may be also be used more than once to set multiple
           options. See the TEXT OPTIONS section for more information.

       -noout
           this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.

       -modulus
           this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
           contained in the certificate.

       -serial
           outputs the certificate serial number.

       -hash
           outputs the "hash" of the certificate subject name. This is used in
           OpenSSL to form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be
           looked up by subject name.

       -subject
           outputs the subject name.

       -issuer
           outputs the issuer name.

       -nameopt option
           option which determines how the subject or issuer names are dis-
           played. The option argument can be a single option or multiple
           options separated by commas.  Alternatively the -nameopt switch may
           be used more than once to set multiple options. See the NAME
           OPTIONS section for more information.

       -email
           outputs the email address(es) if any.

       -startdate
           prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore
           date.

       -enddate
           prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter
           date.

       -dates
           prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.

       -fingerprint
           prints out the digest of the DER encoded version of the whole cer-
           tificate (see digest options).

       -C  this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.

       TRUST SETTINGS

       Please note these options are currently experimental and may well
       change.

       A trusted certificate is an ordinary certificate which has several
       additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
       and prohibited uses of the certificate and an "alias".

       Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate
       must be "trusted". By default a trusted certificate must be stored
       locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA
       is then usable for any purpose.

       Trust settings currently are only used with a root CA. They allow a
       finer control over the purposes the root CA can be used for. For exam-
       ple a CA may be trusted for SSL client but not SSL server use.

       See the description of the verify utility for more information on the
       meaning of trust settings.

       Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any cer-
       tificate: not just root CAs.

       -trustout
           this causes x509 to output a trusted certificate. An ordinary or
           trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary cer-
           tificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the
           -trustout option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted cer-
           tificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modi-
           fied.

       -setalias arg
           sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate
           to be referred to using a nickname for example "Steve's Certifi-
           cate".

       -alias
           outputs the certificate alias, if any.

       -clrtrust
           clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.

       -clrreject
           clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.

       -addtrust arg
           adds a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here
           but currently only clientAuth (SSL client use), serverAuth (SSL
           server use) and emailProtection (S/MIME email) are used.  Other
           OpenSSL applications may define additional uses.

       -addreject arg
           adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the -addtrust
           option.

       -purpose
           this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and out-
           puts the results. For a more complete description see the CERTIFI-
           CATE EXTENSIONS section.

       SIGNING OPTIONS

       The x509 utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it can
       thus behave like a "mini CA".

       -signkey filename
           this option causes the input file to be self signed using the sup-
           plied private key.

           If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the
           subject name (i.e.  makes it self signed) changes the public key to
           the supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start
           date is set to the current time and the end date is set to a value
           determined by the -days option. Any certificate extensions are
           retained unless the -clrext option is supplied.

           If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certifi-
           cate is created using the supplied private key using the subject
           name in the request.

       -clrext
           delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when
           a certificate is being created from another certificate (for exam-
           ple with the -signkey or the -CA options). Normally all extensions
           are retained.

       -keyform PEM|DER
           specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in
           the -signkey option.

       -days arg
           specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The
           default is 30 days.

       -x509toreq
           converts a certificate into a certificate request. The -signkey
           option is used to pass the required private key.

       -req
           by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a
           certificate request is expected instead.

       -set_serial n
           specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with
           either the -signkey or -CA options. If used in conjunction with the
           -CA option the serial number file (as specified by the -CAserial or
           -CAcreateserial options) is not used.

           The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by 0x). Nega-
           tive serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not rec-
           ommended.

       -CA filename
           specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this
           option is present x509 behaves like a "mini CA". The input file is
           signed by this CA using this option: that is its issuer name is set
           to the subject name of the CA and it is digitally signed using the
           CAs private key.

           This option is normally combined with the -req option. Without the
           -req option the input is a certificate which must be self signed.

       -CAkey filename
           sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option
           is not specified then it is assumed that the CA private key is
           present in the CA certificate file.

       -CAserial filename
           sets the CA serial number file to use.

           When the -CA option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial
           number specified in a file. This file consist of one line contain-
           ing an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use.
           After each use the serial number is incremented and written out to
           the file again.

           The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name
           with ".srl" appended. For example if the CA certificate file is
           called "mycacert.pem" it expects to find a serial number file
           called "mycacert.srl".

       -CAcreateserial
           with this option the CA serial number file is created if it does
           not exist: it will contain the serial number "02" and the certifi-
           cate being signed will have the 1 as its serial number. Normally if
           the -CA option is specified and the serial number file does not
           exist it is an error.

       -extfile filename
           file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified
           then no extensions are added to the certificate.

       -extensions section
           the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is
           not specified then the extensions should either be contained in the
           unnamed (default) section or the default section should contain a
           variable called "extensions" which contains the section to use.

       NAME OPTIONS

       The nameopt command line switch determines how the subject and issuer
       names are displayed. If no nameopt switch is present the default "one-
       line" format is used which is compatible with previous versions of
       OpenSSL.  Each option is described in detail below, all options can be
       preceded by a - to turn the option off. Only the first four will nor-
       mally be used.

       compat
           use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no name
           options at all.

       RFC2253
           displays names compatible with RFC2253 equivalent to esc_2253,
           esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8, dump_nostr, dump_unknown, dump_der,
           sep_comma_plus, dn_rev and sname.

       oneline
           a oneline format which is more readable than RFC2253. It is equiva-
           lent to specifying the  esc_2253, esc_ctrl, esc_msb, utf8,
           dump_nostr, dump_der, use_quote, sep_comma_plus_spc, spc_eq and
           sname options.

       multiline
           a multiline format. It is equivalent esc_ctrl, esc_msb, sep_multi-
           line, spc_eq, lname and align.

       esc_2253
           escape the "special" characters required by RFC2253 in a field That
           is ,+"<>;. Additionally # is escaped at the beginning of a string
           and a space character at the beginning or end of a string.

       esc_ctrl
           escape control characters. That is those with ASCII values less
           than 0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are escaped
           using the RFC2253 \XX notation (where XX are two hex digits repre-
           senting the character value).

       esc_msb
           escape characters with the MSB set, that is with ASCII values
           larger than 127.

       use_quote
           escapes some characters by surrounding the whole string with "
           characters, without the option all escaping is done with the \
           character.

       utf8
           convert all strings to UTF8 format first. This is required by
           RFC2253. If you are lucky enough to have a UTF8 compatible terminal
           then the use of this option (and not setting esc_msb) may result in
           the correct display of multibyte (international) characters. Is
           this option is not present then multibyte characters larger than
           0xff will be represented using the format \UXXXX for 16 bits and
           \WXXXXXXXX for 32 bits.  Also if this option is off any UTF8Strings
           will be converted to their character form first.

       no_type
           this option does not attempt to interpret multibyte characters in
           any way. That is their content octets are merely dumped as though
           one octet represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic
           purposes but will result in rather odd looking output.

       show_type
           show the type of the ASN1 character string. The type precedes the
           field contents. For example "BMPSTRING: Hello World".

       dump_der
           when this option is set any fields that need to be hexdumped will
           be dumped using the DER encoding of the field. Otherwise just the
           content octets will be displayed. Both options use the RFC2253
           #XXXX... format.

       dump_nostr
           dump non character string types (for example OCTET STRING) if this
           option is not set then non character string types will be displayed
           as though each content octet represents a single character.

       dump_all
           dump all fields. This option when used with dump_der allows the DER
           encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined.

       dump_unknown
           dump any field whose OID is not recognised by OpenSSL.

       sep_comma_plus, sep_comma_plus_space, sep_semi_plus_space, sep_multi-
       line
           these options determine the field separators. The first character
           is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple AVAs
           are very rare and their use is discouraged). The options ending in
           "space" additionally place a space after the separator to make it
           more readable. The sep_multiline uses a linefeed character for the
           RDN separator and a spaced + for the AVA separator. It also indents
           the fields by four characters.

       dn_rev
           reverse the fields of the DN. This is required by RFC2253. As a
           side effect this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs but this
           is permissible.

       nofname, sname, lname, oid
           these options alter how the field name is displayed. nofname does
           not display the field at all. sname uses the "short name" form (CN
           for commonName for example). lname uses the long form.  oid repre-
           sents the OID in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic pur-
           pose.

       align
           align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with
           sep_multiline.

       spc_eq
           places spaces round the = character which follows the field name.

       TEXT OPTIONS

       As well as customising the name output format, it is also possible to
       customise the actual fields printed using the certopt options when the
       text option is present. The default behaviour is to print all fields.

       compatible
           use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no output
           options at all.

       no_header
           don't print header information: that is the lines saying "Certifi-
           cate" and "Data".

       no_version
           don't print out the version number.

       no_serial
           don't print out the serial number.

       no_signame
           don't print out the signature algorithm used.

       no_validity
           don't print the validity, that is the notBefore and notAfter
           fields.

       no_subject
           don't print out the subject name.

       no_issuer
           don't print out the issuer name.

       no_pubkey
           don't print out the public key.

       no_sigdump
           don't give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature.

       no_aux
           don't print out certificate trust information.

       no_extensions
           don't print out any X509V3 extensions.

       ext_default
           retain default extension behaviour: attempt to print out unsup-
           ported certificate extensions.

       ext_error
           print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions.

       ext_parse
           ASN1 parse unsupported extensions.

       ext_dump
           hex dump unsupported extensions.

       ca_default
           the value used by the ca utility, equivalent to no_issuer, no_pub-
           key, no_header, no_version, no_sigdump and no_signame.

EXAMPLES
       Note: in these examples the '\' means the example should be all on one
       line.

       Display the contents of a certificate:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text

       Display the certificate serial number:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial

       Display the certificate subject name:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject

       Display the certificate subject name in RFC2253 form:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt RFC2253

       Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal sup-
       porting UTF8:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt oneline,-escmsb

       Display the certificate MD5 fingerprint:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint

       Display the certificate SHA1 fingerprint:

        openssl x509 -sha1 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint

       Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format:

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER

       Convert a certificate to a certificate request:

        openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem -signkey key.pem

       Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using
       extensions for a CA:

        openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca \
               -signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem

       Sign a certificate request using the CA certificate above and add user
       certificate extensions:

        openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_usr \
               -CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial

       Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and change set its
       alias to "Steve's Class 1 CA"

        openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust clientAuth \
               -setalias "Steve's Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem

NOTES
       The PEM format uses the header and footer lines:

        -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
        -----END CERTIFICATE-----

       it will also handle files containing:

        -----BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE-----
        -----END X509 CERTIFICATE-----

       Trusted certificates have the lines

        -----BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE-----
        -----END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE-----

       The conversion to UTF8 format used with the name options assumes that
       T61Strings use the ISO8859-1 character set. This is wrong but Netscape
       and MSIE do this as do many certificates. So although this is incorrect
       it is more likely to display the majority of certificates correctly.

       The -fingerprint option takes the digest of the DER encoded certifi-
       cate.  This is commonly called a "fingerprint". Because of the nature
       of message digests the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that
       certificate and two certificates with the same fingerprint can be con-
       sidered to be the same.

       The Netscape fingerprint uses MD5 whereas MSIE uses SHA1.

       The -email option searches the subject name and the subject alternative
       name extension. Only unique email addresses will be printed out: it
       will not print the same address more than once.

CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS
       The -purpose option checks the certificate extensions and determines
       what the certificate can be used for. The actual checks done are rather
       complex and include various hacks and workarounds to handle broken cer-
       tificates and software.

       The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains
       so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code.

       The basicConstraints extension CA flag is used to determine whether the
       certificate can be used as a CA. If the CA flag is true then it is a
       CA, if the CA flag is false then it is not a CA. All CAs should have
       the CA flag set to true.

       If the basicConstraints extension is absent then the certificate is
       considered to be a "possible CA" other extensions are checked according
       to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this case
       because the certificate should really not be regarded as a CA: however
       it is allowed to be a CA to work around some broken software.

       If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions) and
       it is self signed it is also assumed to be a CA but a warning is again
       given: this is to work around the problem of Verisign roots which are
       V1 self signed certificates.

       If the keyUsage extension is present then additional restraints are
       made on the uses of the certificate. A CA certificate must have the
       keyCertSign bit set if the keyUsage extension is present.

       The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the
       certificate uses. If this extension is present (whether critical or
       not) the key can only be used for the purposes specified.

       A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about
       basicConstraints and keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to all CA
       certificates.

       SSL Client
           The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web
           client authentication" OID.  keyUsage must be absent or it must
           have the digitalSignature bit set. Netscape certificate type must
           be absent or it must have the SSL client bit set.

       SSL Client CA
           The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web
           client authentication" OID. Netscape certificate type must be
           absent or it must have the SSL CA bit set: this is used as a work
           around if the basicConstraints extension is absent.

       SSL Server
           The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web
           server authentication" and/or one of the SGC OIDs.  keyUsage must
           be absent or it must have the digitalSignature, the keyEncipherment
           set or both bits set.  Netscape certificate type must be absent or
           have the SSL server bit set.

       SSL Server CA
           The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the "web
           server authentication" and/or one of the SGC OIDs.  Netscape cer-
           tificate type must be absent or the SSL CA bit must be set: this is
           used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent.

       Netscape SSL Server
           For Netscape SSL clients to connect to an SSL server it must have
           the keyEncipherment bit set if the keyUsage extension is present.
           This isn't always valid because some cipher suites use the key for
           digital signing.  Otherwise it is the same as a normal SSL server.

       Common S/MIME Client Tests
           The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
           "email protection" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or
           should have the S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in
           netscape certificate type then the SSL client bit is tolerated as
           an alternative but a warning is shown: this is because some
           Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit.

       S/MIME Signing
           In addition to the common S/MIME client tests the digitalSignature
           bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present.

       S/MIME Encryption
           In addition to the common S/MIME tests the keyEncipherment bit must
           be set if the keyUsage extension is present.

       S/MIME CA
           The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the
           "email protection" OID. Netscape certificate type must be absent or
           must have the S/MIME CA bit set: this is used as a work around if
           the basicConstraints extension is absent.

       CRL Signing
           The keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the CRL sign-
           ing bit set.

       CRL Signing CA
           The normal CA tests apply. Except in this case the basicConstraints
           extension must be present.

BUGS
       Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests
       and vice versa.

       It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specify-
       ing the wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases:
       these should be checked.

       There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end
       dates rather than an offset from the current time.

       The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the TRUST SET-
       TINGS is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended be-
       haviour rather than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will
       represent reality in OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later.

SEE ALSO
       req(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1), verify(1)



0.9.7d                            2005-02-25                           X509(1)
=3259
+113
(16)