a2p
accept
access
acct
addftinfo
addr2line
adjtime
afmtodit
after
aio_cancel
aio_error
aio_read
aio_return
aio_suspend
aio_waitcomplete
aio_write
alias
aliases
alloc
anvil
append
apply
apropos
ar
array
as
asa
asn1parse
at
atq
atrm
attemptckalloc
attemptckrealloc
authlib
authtest
autopoint
awk
b64decode
b64encode
basename
batch
bc
bdes
bell
bg
bgerror
biff
big5
binary
bind
bindkey
bindtags
bindtextdomain
bio
bitmap
blowfish
bn
bootparams
bootptab
bounce
brandelf
break
breaksw
brk
bsdiff
bsdtar
bsnmpd
bspatch
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btsockstat
buffer
builtin
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button
byacc
bzcat
bzegrep
bzfgrep
bzgrep
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c2ph
c89
c99
ca
cal
calendar
canvas
cap_mkdb
case
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catch
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chio
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ciphers
ckalloc
ckdist
ckfree
ckrealloc
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clock_getres
clock_gettime
clock_settime
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cmp
co
col
colcrt
colldef
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colrm
column
comm
command
compile_et
complete
compress
concat
config
connect
console
continue
core
courierlogger
couriertcpd
cp
cpan
cpio
cpp
creat
crl
crontab
crunchgen
crunchide
crypt
crypto
csh
csplit
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ctm
ctm_dequeue
ctm_rmail
ctm_smail
cu
cursor
cursors
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cvs
date
dbiprof
dbiproxy
dc
dcgettext
dcngettext
dd
dde
default
defer
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destroy
devfs
df
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dgst
dh
dhparam
dialog
diff
diff3
dig
dir
dirent
dirname
dirs
discard
disktab
dngettext
do
domainname
done
dprofpp
dsa
dsaparam
dtmfdecode
du
dup
dup2
eaccess
ec
ecdsa
echo
echotc
ecparam
ed
edit
editrc
ee
egrep
elf
elfdump
elif
else
enc
enc2xs
encoding
end
endif
endsw
engine
enigma
entry
env
envsubst
eof
eqn
err
errno
error
errstr
esac
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euc
eui64
eval
event
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ex
exec
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f77
false
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fg
fgrep
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fhstatfs
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filename
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find2perl
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fmt
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font
fontedit
for
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fork
format
forward
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frame
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ftp
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g711conv
gb2312
gb18030
gbk
gcc
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gcov
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gencat
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genrsa
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getsockname
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global
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gprof
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grid
grn
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groff
groff_font
groff_out
groff_tmac
grog
grolbp
grolj4
grops
grotty
group
groups
gunzip
gzcat
gzexe
gzip
h2ph
h2xs
hash
hashstat
hd
head
help2man
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hexdump
history
host
hostname
hosts
hosts_access
hosts_options
hpftodit
http
hup
i386_get_ioperm
i386_get_ldt
i386_set_ioperm
i386_set_ldt
i386_vm86
iconv
id
ident
idprio
if
ifnames253
ifnames259
image
imapd
incr
indent
indxbib
info
infokey
inode
install
instmodsh
interp
intro
introduction
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ipcrm
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limits
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ln
load
loadfont
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locale
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lock
lockf
log
logger
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logins
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lookbib
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lp
lpq
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ls
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lutimes
lynx
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magic
mail
maildiracl
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makeinfo
makewhatis
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manpath
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mc
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md2
md4
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memory
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message
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mkdep
mkdir
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mktemp
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modfind
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more
motd
mount
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mptable
msdos
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msguniq
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mt
munlock
munlockall
munmap
mv
myisamchk
myisamlog
myisampack
mysql
mysqlaccess
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mysqlhotcopy
mysqlimport
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mysql_zap
namespace
nanosleep
nawk
nc
ncal
ncplist
ncplogin
ncplogout
neqn
netconfig
netgroup
netid
netstat
networks
newaliases
newgrp
nex
nfsstat
nfssvc
ngettext
nice
nl
nm
nmount
nohup
nologin
notify
nroff
nseq
nslookup
ntp_adjtime
ntp_gettime
nvi
nview
objcopy
objdump
objformat
ocsp
od
onintr
open
openssl
opieaccess
opieinfo
opiekey
opiekeys
opiepasswd
option
options
oqmgr
pack
package
packagens
pagesize
palette
pam_auth
panedwindow
parray
passwd
paste
patch
pathchk
pathconf
pawd
pax
pbm
pcre
pcreapi
pcrebuild
pcrecallout
pcrecompat
pcrecpp
pcregrep
pcrematching
pcrepartial
pcrepattern
pcreperform
pcreposix
pcreprecompile
pcresample
pcretest
perl
perl56delta
perl58delta
perl561delta
perl570delta
perl571delta
perl572delta
perl573delta
perl581delta
perl582delta
perl583delta
perl584delta
perl585delta
perl586delta
perl587delta
perl588delta
perl5004delta
perl5005delta
perlaix
perlamiga
perlapi
perlapio
perlapollo
perlartistic
perlbeos
perlbook
perlboot
perlbot
perlbs2000
perlbug
perlcall
perlcc
perlce
perlcheat
perlclib
perlcn
perlcompile
perlcygwin
perldata
perldbmfilter
perldebguts
perldebtut
perldebug
perldelta
perldgux
perldiag
perldoc
perldos
perldsc
perlebcdic
perlembed
perlepoc
perlfaq
perlfaq1
perlfaq2
perlfaq3
perlfaq4
perlfaq5
perlfaq6
perlfaq7
perlfaq8
perlfaq9
perlfilter
perlfork
perlform
perlfreebsd
perlfunc
perlglossary
perlgpl
perlguts
perlhack
perlhist
perlhpux
perlhurd
perlintern
perlintro
perliol
perlipc
perlirix
perlivp
perljp
perlko
perllexwarn
perllinux
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perllol
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perlmacos
perlmacosx
perlmint
perlmod
perlmodinstall
perlmodlib
perlmodstyle
perlmpeix
perlnetware
perlnewmod
perlnumber
perlobj
perlop
perlopenbsd
perlopentut
perlos2
perlos390
perlos400
perlothrtut
perlpacktut
perlplan9
perlpod
perlpodspec
perlport
perlqnx
perlre
perlref
perlreftut
perlrequick
perlreref
perlretut
perlrun
perlsec
perlsolaris
perlstyle
perlsub
perlsyn
perlthrtut
perltie
perltoc
perltodo
perltooc
perltoot
perltrap
perltru64
perltw
perlunicode
perluniintro
perlutil
perluts
perlvar
perlvmesa
perlvms
perlvos
perlwin32
perlxs
perlxstut
perror
pfbtops
pftp
pgrep
phones
photo
pic
pickup
piconv
pid
pipe
pkcs7
pkcs8
pkcs12
pkg_add
pkg_check
pkg_create
pkg_delete
pkg_info
pkg_sign
pkg_version
pkill
pl2pm
place
pod2html
pod2latex
pod2man
pod2text
pod2usage
podchecker
podselect
poll
popd
popup
posix_madvise
postalias
postcat
postconf
postdrop
postfix
postkick
postlock
postlog
postmap
postqueue
postsuper
pr
pread
preadv
printcap
printenv
printf
proc
procfs
profil
protocols
prove
proxymap
ps
psed
psroff
pstruct
ptrace
publickey
pushd
puts
pwd
pwrite
pwritev
qmgr
qmqpd
quota
quotactl
radiobutton
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rand
ranlib
rcp
rcs
rcsclean
rcsdiff
rcsfile
rcsfreeze
rcsintro
rcsmerge
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readelf
readlink
readonly
readv
realpath
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recvmsg
red
ree
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regexp
registry
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remote
rename
repeat
replace
req
reset
resolver
resource
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revoke
rfcomm_sppd
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ripemd160
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rmdir
rpc
rpcgen
rs
rsa
rsautl
rsh
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rtprio
rup
ruptime
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rwho
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safe
sasl
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sbrk
scache
scale
scan
sched
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sched_getscheduler
sched_get_priority_max
sched_get_priority_min
sched_rr_get_interval
sched_setparam
sched_setscheduler
sched_yield
scon
scp
script
scrollbar
sdiff
sed
seek
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selection
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semget
semop
send
sendbug
sendfile
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set
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settc
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sftp
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sha
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socket
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sort
source
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speed
spinbox
spkac
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split
squid
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ssh
sshd_config
ssh_config
stab
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stop
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strip
stty
su
subst
sum
suspend
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symlink
sync
sysarch
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talk
tar
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tcpdump
tcpslice
tcsh
tee
tell
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texindex
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text
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tfmtodit
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top
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tr
trace
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true
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truss
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tty
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type
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until
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update
uplevel
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utf8
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vi
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vwait
w
wait
wait3
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wc
wget
what
whatis
where
whereis
which
while
who
whoami
whois
window
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wm
write
writev
wtmp
x509
xargs
xgettext
xmlwf
xstr
xsubpp
yacc
yes
ypcat
ypchfn
ypchpass
ypchsh
ypmatch
yppasswd
ypwhich
yyfix
zcat
zcmp
zdiff
zegrep
zfgrep
zforce
zgrep
zmore
znew
_exit
__syscall
 
FreeBSD/Linux/UNIX General Commands Manual
Hypertext Man Pages
gzip
 
GZIP(1) 							       GZIP(1)



NAME
       gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files

SYNOPSIS
       gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ]
       gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ...	]
       zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ...  ]

DESCRIPTION
       Gzip  reduces  the  size  of  the  named  files using Lempel-Ziv coding
       (LZ77).	Whenever possible, each file  is  replaced  by	one  with  the
       extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modi-
       fication times.	(The default extension is -gz for VMS,	z  for	MSDOS,
       OS/2  FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.)  If no files are specified, or if
       a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed  to  the  standard
       output.	Gzip will only attempt to compress regular files.  In particu-
       lar, it will ignore symbolic links.

       If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, gzip trun-
       cates  it.   Gzip  attempts to truncate only the parts of the file name
       longer than 3 characters.  (A part is delimited by dots.) If  the  name
       consists  of  small  parts  only,  the longest parts are truncated. For
       example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe  is
       compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz.  Names are not truncated on systems which
       do not have a limit on file name length.

       By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp in the com-
       pressed	file.  These  are used when decompressing the file with the -N
       option. This is useful when the compressed file name was  truncated  or
       when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer.

       Compressed  files  can be restored to their original form using gzip -d
       or gunzip or zcat.  If the original name saved in the  compressed  file
       is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from the
       original one to make it legal.

       gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each file
       whose  name  ends with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, _z or .Z and which begins with
       the correct magic number with an uncompressed file without the original
       extension.  gunzip also recognizes the special extensions .tgz and .taz
       as shorthands for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively.   When  compressing,
       gzip  uses the .tgz extension if necessary instead of truncating a file
       with a .tar extension.

       gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip,  zip,  compress,
       compress  -H  or pack.  The detection of the input format is automatic.
       When using the first two formats, gunzip checks a 32 bit CRC. For pack,
       gunzip checks the uncompressed length. The standard compress format was
       not designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip  is  sometimes
       able  to detect a bad .Z file. If you get an error when uncompressing a
       .Z file, do not assume that the .Z file is correct simply  because  the
       standard  uncompress  does  not complain. This generally means that the
       standard uncompress does not check its  input,  and  happily  generates
       garbage	output.   The  SCO compress -H format (lzh compression method)
       does not include a CRC but also allows some consistency checks.

       Files created by zip can be uncompressed by gzip only if  they  have  a
       single  member  compressed with the 'deflation' method. This feature is
       only intended to help conversion of tar.zip files to the tar.gz format.
       To extract zip files with several members, use unzip instead of gunzip.

       zcat is identical  to  gunzip  -c.   (On  some  systems,  zcat  may  be
       installed  as  gzcat  to preserve the original link to compress.)  zcat
       uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard
       input  and  writes the uncompressed data on standard output.  zcat will
       uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they have a
       .gz suffix or not.

       Gzip  uses  the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in zip and PKZIP.  The amount
       of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and  the  dis-
       tribution of common substrings.	Typically, text such as source code or
       English is reduced by 60-70%.  Compression  is  generally  much	better
       than  that  achieved  by  LZW (as used in compress), Huffman coding (as
       used in pack), or adaptive Huffman coding (compact).

       Compression is  always  performed,  even  if  the  compressed  file  is
       slightly  larger  than  the original. The worst case expansion is a few
       bytes for the gzip file header, plus 5 bytes every  32K	block,	or  an
       expansion  ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
       of used disk blocks almost never increases.  gzip preserves  the  mode,
       ownership and timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.


OPTIONS
       -a --ascii
	      ASCII  text  mode: convert end-of-lines using local conventions.
	      This option is supported only  on  some  non-Unix  systems.  For
	      MSDOS, CR LF is converted to LF when compressing, and LF is con-
	      verted to CR LF when decompressing.

       -c --stdout --to-stdout
	      Write output on standard output; keep original files  unchanged.
	      If  there  are  several  input  files,  the output consists of a
	      sequence of independently compressed members. To	obtain	better
	      compression,  concatenate  all  input  files  before compressing
	      them.

       -d --decompress --uncompress
	      Decompress.

       -f --force
	      Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
	      links  or  the corresponding file already exists, or if the com-
	      pressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the input
	      data  is	not  in a format recognized by gzip, and if the option
	      --stdout is also given, copy the input data  without  change  to
	      the  standard  output:  let  zcat  behave  as cat.  If -f is not
	      given, and when not running in the background, gzip  prompts  to
	      verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.

       -h --help
	      Display a help screen and quit.

       -l --list
	      For each compressed file, list the following fields:

		  compressed size: size of the compressed file
		  uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
		  ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
		  uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file

	      The  uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in gzip for-
	      mat, such as compressed .Z files. To get the  uncompressed  size
	      for such a file, you can use:

		  zcat file.Z | wc -c

	      In  combination  with the --verbose option, the following fields
	      are also displayed:

		  method: compression method
		  crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
		  date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file

	      The compression methods currently supported  are	deflate,  com-
	      press,  lzh  (SCO  compress  -H)	and pack.  The crc is given as
	      ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.

	      With --name, the uncompressed name,  date and  time   are  those
	      stored within the compress file if present.

	      With  --verbose,	the  size totals and compression ratio for all
	      files is also displayed, unless some  sizes  are	unknown.  With
	      --quiet, the title and totals lines are not displayed.

       -L --license
	      Display the gzip license and quit.

       -n --no-name
	      When  compressing,  do  not save the original file name and time
	      stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
	      had  to  be  truncated.)	When decompressing, do not restore the
	      original file name if present (remove only the gzip suffix  from
	      the  compressed  file name) and do not restore the original time
	      stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
	      is the default when decompressing.

       -N --name
	      When  compressing,  always  save the original file name and time
	      stamp; this is the  default.  When  decompressing,  restore  the
	      original	file  name  and  time stamp if present. This option is
	      useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
	      the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.

       -q --quiet
	      Suppress all warnings.

       -r --recursive
	      Travel  the  directory structure recursively. If any of the file
	      names specified on the command line are directories,  gzip  will
	      descend  into  the directory and compress all the files it finds
	      there (or decompress them in the case of gunzip ).

       -S .suf --suffix .suf
	      Use suffix .suf instead of .gz. Any suffix  can  be  given,  but
	      suffixes other than .z and .gz should be avoided to avoid confu-
	      sion when files are transferred to other systems.  A null suffix
	      forces  gunzip  to  try decompression on all given files regard-
	      less of suffix, as in:

		  gunzip -S "" *       (*.* for MSDOS)

	      Previous versions of gzip used the .z suffix. This  was  changed
	      to avoid a conflict with pack(1).

       -t --test
	      Test. Check the compressed file integrity.

       -v --verbose
	      Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
	      compressed or decompressed.

       -V --version
	      Version. Display the version number and compilation options then
	      quit.

       -# --fast --best
	      Regulate	the  speed of compression using the specified digit #,
	      where -1 or --fast  indicates  the  fastest  compression	method
	      (less  compression)  and -9 or --best indicates the slowest com-
	      pression method (best  compression).   The  default  compression
	      level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
	      of speed).

ADVANCED USAGE
       Multiple compressed files can be concatenated.  In  this  case,	gunzip
       will extract all members at once. For example:

	     gzip -c file1  > foo.gz
	     gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz

       Then
	     gunzip -c foo

       is equivalent to

	     cat file1 file2

       In  case of damage to one member of a .gz file, other members can still
       be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you  can  get
       better compression by compressing all members at once:

	     cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz

       compresses better than

	     gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz

       If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression,
       do:

	     gzip -cd old.gz | gzip > new.gz

       If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed size
       and  CRC reported by the --list option applies to the last member only.
       If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:

	     gzip -cd file.gz | wc -c

       If you wish to create a single archive file with  multiple  members  so
       that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
       as tar or zip. GNU tar supports the -z option to invoke gzip  transpar-
       ently. gzip is designed as a complement to tar, not as a replacement.

ENVIRONMENT
       The  environment  variable  GZIP  can hold a set of default options for
       gzip.  These options are interpreted first and can  be  overwritten  by
       explicit command line parameters. For example:
	     for sh:	GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
	     for csh:	setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
	     for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name

       On  Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is GZIP_OPT, to avoid
       a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.

SEE ALSO
       znew(1), zcmp(1), zmore(1), zforce(1), gzexe(1), compress(1)

DIAGNOSTICS
       Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status is 1.  If  a
       warning occurs, exit status is 2.

       Usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
	       Invalid options were specified on the command line.
       file: not in gzip format
	       The file specified to gunzip has not been compressed.
       file: Corrupt input. Use zcat to recover some data.
	       The  compressed file has been damaged. The data up to the point
	       of failure can be recovered using
		       zcat file > recover
       file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits
	       File was compressed (using LZW) by a program  that  could  deal
	       with  more  bits  than  the  decompress	code  on this machine.
	       Recompress the file with gzip, which compresses better and uses
	       less memory.
       file: already has .gz suffix -- no change
	       The  file is assumed to be already compressed.  Rename the file
	       and try again.
       file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
	       Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced; "n"  if
	       not.
       gunzip: corrupt input
	       A  SIGSEGV  violation was detected which usually means that the
	       input file has been corrupted.
       xx.x%
	       Percentage of the input saved by compression.   (Relevant  only
	       for -v and -l.)
       -- not a regular file or directory: ignored
	       When the input file is not a regular file or directory, (e.g. a
	       symbolic link, socket, FIFO, device file),  it  is  left  unal-
	       tered.
       -- has xx other links: unchanged
	       The  input file has links; it is left unchanged.  See ln(1) for
	       more information. Use the -f flag to force compression of  mul-
	       tiply-linked files.

CAVEATS
       When  writing  compressed  data to a tape, it is generally necessary to
       pad the output with zeroes up to a block boundary.  When  the  data  is
       read  and the whole block is passed to gunzip for decompression, gunzip
       detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed  data
       and  emits  a warning by default. You have to use the --quiet option to
       suppress the warning. This option can be set in	the  GZIP  environment
       variable as in:
	 for sh:  GZIP="-q"  tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
	 for csh: (setenv GZIP -q; tar -xfz --block-compr /dev/rst0

       In  the	above  example, gzip is invoked implicitly by the -z option of
       GNU tar. Make sure that the same block size (-b option of tar) is  used
       for  reading  and  writing  compressed  data  on  tapes.  (This example
       assumes you are using the GNU version of tar.)

BUGS
       The --list option reports incorrect sizes if they exceed  2  gigabytes.
       The  --list  option reports sizes as -1 and crc as ffffffff if the com-
       pressed file is on a non seekable media.

       In some rare cases, the --best option gives worse compression than  the
       default	compression  level  (-6). On some highly redundant files, com-
       press compresses better than gzip.



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