a2p
accept
access
acct
addftinfo
addr2line
adjtime
afmtodit
after
aio_cancel
aio_error
aio_read
aio_return
aio_suspend
aio_waitcomplete
aio_write
alias
aliases
alloc
anvil
append
apply
apropos
ar
array
as
asa
asn1parse
at
atq
atrm
attemptckalloc
attemptckrealloc
authlib
authtest
autopoint
awk
b64decode
b64encode
basename
batch
bc
bdes
bell
bg
bgerror
biff
big5
binary
bind
bindkey
bindtags
bindtextdomain
bio
bitmap
blowfish
bn
bootparams
bootptab
bounce
brandelf
break
breaksw
brk
bsdiff
bsdtar
bsnmpd
bspatch
bthost
btsockstat
buffer
builtin
builtins
bunzip2
button
byacc
bzcat
bzegrep
bzfgrep
bzgrep
bzip2
c2ph
c89
c99
ca
cal
calendar
canvas
cap_mkdb
case
cat
catch
catman
cc
cd
cdcontrol
chdir
checkbutton
checknr
chflags
chfn
chgrp
chio
chkey
chmod
chown
chpass
chroot
chsh
ci
ciphers
ckalloc
ckdist
ckfree
ckrealloc
cksum
cleanup
clear
clipboard
clock
clock_getres
clock_gettime
clock_settime
close
cmp
co
col
colcrt
colldef
colors
colrm
column
comm
command
compile_et
complete
compress
concat
config
connect
console
continue
core
courierlogger
couriertcpd
cp
cpan
cpio
cpp
creat
crl
crontab
crunchgen
crunchide
crypt
crypto
csh
csplit
ctags
ctm
ctm_dequeue
ctm_rmail
ctm_smail
cu
cursor
cursors
cut
cvs
date
dbiprof
dbiproxy
dc
dcgettext
dcngettext
dd
dde
default
defer
deliverquota
des
destroy
devfs
df
dgettext
dgst
dh
dhparam
dialog
diff
diff3
dig
dir
dirent
dirname
dirs
discard
disktab
dngettext
do
domainname
done
dprofpp
dsa
dsaparam
dtmfdecode
du
dup
dup2
eaccess
ec
ecdsa
echo
echotc
ecparam
ed
edit
editrc
ee
egrep
elf
elfdump
elif
else
enc
enc2xs
encoding
end
endif
endsw
engine
enigma
entry
env
envsubst
eof
eqn
err
errno
error
errstr
esac
ethers
euc
eui64
eval
event
evp
ex
exec
execve
exit
expand
export
exports
expr
extattr
extattr_delete_fd
extattr_delete_file
extattr_get_fd
extattr_get_file
extattr_set_fd
extattr_set_file
f77
false
famm
famx
fblocked
fbtab
fc
fchdir
fchflags
fchmod
fchown
fcntl
fconfigure
fcopy
fdescfs
fdformat
fdread
fdwrite
fetch
fg
fgrep
fhopen
fhstat
fhstatfs
fi
file
file2c
fileevent
filename
filetest
find
find2perl
finger
flex
flock
flush
fmt
focus
fold
font
fontedit
for
foreach
fork
format
forward
fpathconf
frame
from
fs
fstab
fstat
fstatfs
fsync
ftp
ftpchroot
ftpusers
ftruncate
futimes
g711conv
gb2312
gb18030
gbk
gcc
gcore
gcov
gdb
gencat
gendsa
genrsa
gensnmptree
getconf
getdents
getdirentries
getdtablesize
getegid
geteuid
getfacl
getfh
getfsstat
getgid
getgroups
getitimer
getlogin
getopt
getopts
getpeername
getpgid
getpgrp
getpid
getppid
getpriority
getresgid
getresuid
getrlimit
getrusage
gets
getsid
getsockname
getsockopt
gettext
gettextize
gettimeofday
gettytab
getuid
glob
global
gmake
goto
gperf
gprof
grab
grep
grid
grn
grodvi
groff
groff_font
groff_out
groff_tmac
grog
grolbp
grolj4
grops
grotty
group
groups
gunzip
gzcat
gzexe
gzip
h2ph
h2xs
hash
hashstat
hd
head
help2man
hesinfo
hexdump
history
host
hostname
hosts
hosts_access
hosts_options
hpftodit
http
hup
i386_get_ioperm
i386_get_ldt
i386_set_ioperm
i386_set_ldt
i386_vm86
iconv
id
ident
idprio
if
ifnames253
ifnames259
image
imapd
incr
indent
indxbib
info
infokey
inode
install
instmodsh
interp
intro
introduction
ioctl
ipcrm
ipcs
ipf
ipftest
ipnat
ippool
ipresend
issetugid
jail
jail_attach
jobid
jobs
join
jot
kbdcontrol
kbdmap
kcon
kdestroy
kdump
kenv
kevent
keycap
keylogin
keylogout
keymap
keysyms
kgdb
kill
killall
killpg
kinit
kldfind
kldfirstmod
kldload
kldnext
kldstat
kldsym
kldunload
klist
kpasswd
kqueue
kse
kse_create
kse_exit
kse_release
kse_switchin
kse_thr_interrupt
kse_wakeup
ktrace
label
labelframe
lam
lappend
last
lastcomm
lastlog
lchflags
lchmod
lchown
ld
ldap
ldapadd
ldapcompare
ldapdelete
ldapmodify
ldapmodrdn
ldappasswd
ldapsearch
ldapwhoami
ldd
leave
less
lesskey
lex
lgetfh
lhash
libnetcfg
library
limit
limits
lindex
link
linprocfs
linsert
lint
lio_listio
list
listbox
listen
lj4_font
lkbib
llength
lmtp
ln
load
loadfont
local
locale
locate
lock
lockf
log
logger
login
logins
logname
logout
look
lookbib
lorder
lower
lp
lpq
lpr
lprm
lptest
lrange
lreplace
ls
lsearch
lseek
lset
lsort
lstat
lsvfs
lutimes
lynx
m4
madvise
magic
mail
maildiracl
maildirkw
maildirmake
mailq
mailx
make
makeinfo
makewhatis
man
manpath
master
mc
mcedit
mcview
md2
md4
md5
mdc2
memory
menu
menubar
menubutton
merge
mesg
message
mincore
minherit
minigzip
mkdep
mkdir
mkfifo
mkimapdcert
mklocale
mknod
mkpop3dcert
mkstr
mktemp
mlock
mlockall
mmap
mmroff
modfind
modfnext
modnext
modstat
moduli
more
motd
mount
mprotect
mptable
msdos
msdosfs
msgattrib
msgcat
msgcmp
msgcomm
msgconv
msgen
msgexec
msgfilter
msgfmt
msggrep
msginit
msgmerge
msgs
msgunfmt
msguniq
mskanji
msql2mysql
msync
mt
munlock
munlockall
munmap
mv
myisamchk
myisamlog
myisampack
mysql
mysqlaccess
mysqladmin
mysqlbinlog
mysqlcheck
mysqld
mysqldump
mysqld_multi
mysqld_safe
mysqlhotcopy
mysqlimport
mysqlshow
mysql_config
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
mysql_zap
namespace
nanosleep
nawk
nc
ncal
ncplist
ncplogin
ncplogout
neqn
netconfig
netgroup
netid
netstat
networks
newaliases
newgrp
nex
nfsstat
nfssvc
ngettext
nice
nl
nm
nmount
nohup
nologin
notify
nroff
nseq
nslookup
ntp_adjtime
ntp_gettime
nvi
nview
objcopy
objdump
objformat
ocsp
od
onintr
open
openssl
opieaccess
opieinfo
opiekey
opiekeys
opiepasswd
option
options
oqmgr
pack
package
packagens
pagesize
palette
pam_auth
panedwindow
parray
passwd
paste
patch
pathchk
pathconf
pawd
pax
pbm
pcre
pcreapi
pcrebuild
pcrecallout
pcrecompat
pcrecpp
pcregrep
pcrematching
pcrepartial
pcrepattern
pcreperform
pcreposix
pcreprecompile
pcresample
pcretest
perl
perl56delta
perl58delta
perl561delta
perl570delta
perl571delta
perl572delta
perl573delta
perl581delta
perl582delta
perl583delta
perl584delta
perl585delta
perl586delta
perl587delta
perl588delta
perl5004delta
perl5005delta
perlaix
perlamiga
perlapi
perlapio
perlapollo
perlartistic
perlbeos
perlbook
perlboot
perlbot
perlbs2000
perlbug
perlcall
perlcc
perlce
perlcheat
perlclib
perlcn
perlcompile
perlcygwin
perldata
perldbmfilter
perldebguts
perldebtut
perldebug
perldelta
perldgux
perldiag
perldoc
perldos
perldsc
perlebcdic
perlembed
perlepoc
perlfaq
perlfaq1
perlfaq2
perlfaq3
perlfaq4
perlfaq5
perlfaq6
perlfaq7
perlfaq8
perlfaq9
perlfilter
perlfork
perlform
perlfreebsd
perlfunc
perlglossary
perlgpl
perlguts
perlhack
perlhist
perlhpux
perlhurd
perlintern
perlintro
perliol
perlipc
perlirix
perlivp
perljp
perlko
perllexwarn
perllinux
perllocale
perllol
perlmachten
perlmacos
perlmacosx
perlmint
perlmod
perlmodinstall
perlmodlib
perlmodstyle
perlmpeix
perlnetware
perlnewmod
perlnumber
perlobj
perlop
perlopenbsd
perlopentut
perlos2
perlos390
perlos400
perlothrtut
perlpacktut
perlplan9
perlpod
perlpodspec
perlport
perlqnx
perlre
perlref
perlreftut
perlrequick
perlreref
perlretut
perlrun
perlsec
perlsolaris
perlstyle
perlsub
perlsyn
perlthrtut
perltie
perltoc
perltodo
perltooc
perltoot
perltrap
perltru64
perltw
perlunicode
perluniintro
perlutil
perluts
perlvar
perlvmesa
perlvms
perlvos
perlwin32
perlxs
perlxstut
perror
pfbtops
pftp
pgrep
phones
photo
pic
pickup
piconv
pid
pipe
pkcs7
pkcs8
pkcs12
pkg_add
pkg_check
pkg_create
pkg_delete
pkg_info
pkg_sign
pkg_version
pkill
pl2pm
place
pod2html
pod2latex
pod2man
pod2text
pod2usage
podchecker
podselect
poll
popd
popup
posix_madvise
postalias
postcat
postconf
postdrop
postfix
postkick
postlock
postlog
postmap
postqueue
postsuper
pr
pread
preadv
printcap
printenv
printf
proc
procfs
profil
protocols
prove
proxymap
ps
psed
psroff
pstruct
ptrace
publickey
pushd
puts
pwd
pwrite
pwritev
qmgr
qmqpd
quota
quotactl
radiobutton
raise
rand
ranlib
rcp
rcs
rcsclean
rcsdiff
rcsfile
rcsfreeze
rcsintro
rcsmerge
read
readelf
readlink
readonly
readv
realpath
reboot
recv
recvfrom
recvmsg
red
ree
refer
regexp
registry
regsub
rehash
remote
rename
repeat
replace
req
reset
resolver
resource
return
rev
revoke
rfcomm_sppd
rfork
rhosts
ripemd
ripemd160
rlog
rlogin
rm
rmd160
rmdir
rpc
rpcgen
rs
rsa
rsautl
rsh
rtld
rtprio
rup
ruptime
rusers
rwall
rwho
s2p
safe
sasl
sasldblistusers2
saslpasswd2
sbrk
scache
scale
scan
sched
sched_getparam
sched_getscheduler
sched_get_priority_max
sched_get_priority_min
sched_rr_get_interval
sched_setparam
sched_setscheduler
sched_yield
scon
scp
script
scrollbar
sdiff
sed
seek
select
selection
semctl
semget
semop
send
sendbug
sendfile
sendmail
sendmsg
sendto
services
sess_id
set
setegid
setenv
seteuid
setfacl
setgid
setgroups
setitimer
setlogin
setpgid
setpgrp
setpriority
setregid
setresgid
setresuid
setreuid
setrlimit
setsid
setsockopt
settc
settimeofday
setty
setuid
setvar
sftp
sh
sha
sha1
sha256
shar
shells
shift
shmat
shmctl
shmdt
shmget
showq
shutdown
sigaction
sigaltstack
sigblock
sigmask
sigpause
sigpending
sigprocmask
sigreturn
sigsetmask
sigstack
sigsuspend
sigvec
sigwait
size
slapadd
slapcat
slapd
slapdn
slapindex
slappasswd
slaptest
sleep
slogin
slurpd
smbutil
smime
smtp
smtpd
socket
socketpair
sockstat
soelim
sort
source
spawn
speed
spinbox
spkac
splain
split
squid
squid_ldap_auth
squid_ldap_group
squid_unix_group
sscop
ssh
sshd_config
ssh_config
stab
startslip
stat
statfs
stop
string
strings
strip
stty
su
subst
sum
suspend
swapoff
swapon
switch
symlink
sync
sysarch
syscall
sysconftool
sysconftoolcheck
systat
s_client
s_server
s_time
tabs
tail
talk
tar
tbl
tclsh
tcltest
tclvars
tcopy
tcpdump
tcpslice
tcsh
tee
tell
telltc
telnet
term
termcap
terminfo
test
texindex
texinfo
text
textdomain
tfmtodit
tftp
then
threads
time
tip
tk
tkerror
tkvars
tkwait
tlsmgr
tmac
top
toplevel
touch
tput
tr
trace
trafshow
trap
troff
true
truncate
truss
tset
tsort
tty
ttys
type
tzfile
ui
ul
ulimit
umask
unalias
uname
uncomplete
uncompress
undelete
unexpand
unhash
unifdef
unifdefall
uniq
units
unknown
unlimit
unlink
unmount
unset
unsetenv
until
unvis
update
uplevel
uptime
upvar
usbhidaction
usbhidctl
users
utf8
utimes
utmp
utrace
uudecode
uuencode
uuidgen
vacation
variable
verify
version
vfork
vgrind
vgrindefs
vi
vidcontrol
vidfont
view
virtual
vis
vt220keys
vwait
w
wait
wait3
wait4
waitpid
wall
wc
wget
what
whatis
where
whereis
which
while
who
whoami
whois
window
winfo
wish
wm
write
writev
wtmp
x509
xargs
xgettext
xmlwf
xstr
xsubpp
yacc
yes
ypcat
ypchfn
ypchpass
ypchsh
ypmatch
yppasswd
ypwhich
yyfix
zcat
zcmp
zdiff
zegrep
zfgrep
zforce
zgrep
zmore
znew
_exit
__syscall
 
FreeBSD/Linux/UNIX General Commands Manual
Hypertext Man Pages
sh
 
SH(1)			FreeBSD General Commands Manual 		 SH(1)

NAME
     sh -- command interpreter (shell)

SYNOPSIS
     sh [-/+abCEefIimnPpsTuVvx] [-/+o longname] [-c string] [arg ...]

DESCRIPTION
     The sh utility is the standard command interpreter for the system.  The
     current version of sh is in the process of being changed to conform with
     the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') specification for the shell.  This ver-
     sion has many features which make it appear similar in some respects to
     the Korn shell, but it is not a Korn shell clone like pdksh.  Only fea-
     tures designated by POSIX, plus a few Berkeley extensions, are being
     incorporated into this shell.  This man page is not intended to be a
     tutorial nor a complete specification of the shell.

   Overview
     The shell is a command that reads lines from either a file or the termi-
     nal, interprets them, and generally executes other commands.  It is the
     program that is started when a user logs into the system, although a user
     can select a different shell with the chsh(1) command.  The shell imple-
     ments a language that has flow control constructs, a macro facility that
     provides a variety of features in addition to data storage, along with
     built-in history and line editing capabilities.  It incorporates many
     features to aid interactive use and has the advantage that the interpre-
     tative language is common to both interactive and non-interactive use
     (shell scripts).  That is, commands can be typed directly to the running
     shell or can be put into a file, which can be executed directly by the
     shell.

   Invocation
     If no arguments are present and if the standard input of the shell is
     connected to a terminal (or if the -i option is set), the shell is con-
     sidered an interactive shell.  An interactive shell generally prompts
     before each command and handles programming and command errors differ-
     ently (as described below).  When first starting, the shell inspects
     argument 0, and if it begins with a dash (`-'), the shell is also consid-
     ered a login shell.  This is normally done automatically by the system
     when the user first logs in.  A login shell first reads commands from the
     files /etc/profile and then .profile if they exist.  If the environment
     variable ENV is set on entry to a shell, or is set in the .profile of a
     login shell, the shell then reads commands from the file named in ENV.
     Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only at
     login time in the .profile file, and commands that are executed for every
     shell inside the ENV file.  The user can set the ENV variable to some
     file by placing the following line in the file .profile in the home
     directory, substituting for .shinit the filename desired:

	   ENV=$HOME/.shinit; export ENV

     The first non-option argument specified on the command line will be
     treated as the name of a file from which to read commands (a shell
     script), and the remaining arguments are set as the positional parameters
     of the shell ($1, $2, etc).  Otherwise, the shell reads commands from its
     standard input.

     Unlike older versions of sh the ENV script is only sourced on invocation
     of interactive shells.  This closes a well-known, and sometimes easily
     exploitable security hole related to poorly thought out ENV scripts.

   Argument List Processing
     All of the single letter options to sh have a corresponding long name,
     with the exception of -c and -/+o.  These long names are provided next to
     the single letter options in the descriptions below.  The long name for
     an option may be specified as an argument to the -/+o option of sh.  Once
     the shell is running, the long name for an option may be specified as an
     argument to the -/+o option of the set built-in command (described later
     in the section called Built-in Commands).	Introducing an option with a
     dash (`-') enables the option, while using a plus (`+') disables the
     option.  A ``--'' or plain ```-''' will stop option processing and will
     force the remaining words on the command line to be treated as arguments.
     The -/+o and -c options do not have long names.  They take arguments and
     are described after the single letter options.

     -a allexport
	     Flag variables for export when assignments are made to them.

     -b notify
	     Enable asynchronous notification of background job completion.
	     (UNIMPLEMENTED)

     -C noclobber
	     Do not overwrite existing files with ``>''.

     -E emacs
	     Enable the built-in emacs(1) command line editor (disables the -V
	     option if it has been set).

     -e errexit
	     Exit immediately if any untested command fails in non-interactive
	     mode.  The exit status of a command is considered to be explic-
	     itly tested if the command is part of the list used to control an
	     if, elif, while, or until; if the command is the left hand oper-
	     and of an ``&&'' or ``||'' operator; or if the command is a pipe-
	     line preceded by the ! operator.  If a shell function is executed
	     and its exit status is explicitly tested, all commands of the
	     function are considered to be tested as well.

     -f noglob
	     Disable pathname expansion.

     -I ignoreeof
	     Ignore EOF's from input when in interactive mode.

     -i interactive
	     Force the shell to behave interactively.

     -m monitor
	     Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive).

     -n noexec
	     If not interactive, read commands but do not execute them.  This
	     is useful for checking the syntax of shell scripts.

     -P physical
	     Change the default for the cd and pwd commands from -L (logical
	     directory layout) to -P (physical directory layout).

     -p privileged
	     Turn on privileged mode.  This mode is enabled on startup if
	     either the effective user or group id is not equal to the real
	     user or group id.	Turning this mode off sets the effective user
	     and group ids to the real user and group ids.  When this mode is
	     enabled for interactive shells, the file /etc/suid_profile is
	     sourced instead of ~/.profile after /etc/profile is sourced, and
	     the contents of the ENV variable are ignored.

     -s stdin
	     Read commands from standard input (set automatically if no file
	     arguments are present).  This option has no effect when set after
	     the shell has already started running (i.e., when set with the
	     set command).

     -T trapsasync
	     When waiting for a child, execute traps immediately.  If this
	     option is not set, traps are executed after the child exits, as
	     specified in IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'').  This nonstandard
	     option is useful for putting guarding shells around children that
	     block signals.  The surrounding shell may kill the child or it
	     may just return control to the tty and leave the child alone,
	     like this:

		   sh -T -c "trap 'exit 1' 2 ; some-blocking-program"

     -u nounset
	     Write a message to standard error when attempting to expand a
	     variable that is not set, and if the shell is not interactive,
	     exit immediately.

     -V vi   Enable the built-in vi(1) command line editor (disables -E if it
	     has been set).

     -v verbose
	     The shell writes its input to standard error as it is read.  Use-
	     ful for debugging.

     -x xtrace
	     Write each command (preceded by ``+ '') to standard error before
	     it is executed.  Useful for debugging.

     The -c option causes the commands to be read from the string operand
     instead of from the standard input.  Keep in mind that this option only
     accepts a single string as its argument, hence multi-word strings must be
     quoted.

     The -/+o option takes as its only argument the long name of an option to
     be enabled or disabled.  For example, the following two invocations of sh
     both enable the built-in emacs(1) command line editor:

	   set -E
	   set -o emacs

     If used without an argument, the -o option displays the current option
     settings in a human-readable format.  If +o is used without an argument,
     the current option settings are output in a format suitable for re-input
     into the shell.

   Lexical Structure
     The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks it up into
     words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at certain sequences of char-
     acters called ``operators'', which are special to the shell.  There are
     two types of operators: control operators and redirection operators
     (their meaning is discussed later).  The following is a list of valid
     operators:

     Control operators:
		   &	 &&    (     )	   \n
		   ;;	 ;     |     ||

     Redirection operators:
		   <	 >     <<    >>    <>
		   <&	 >&    <<-   >|

   Quoting
     Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
     words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, keywords, or alias
     names.

     There are three types of quoting: matched single quotes, matched double
     quotes, and backslash.

     Single Quotes
	     Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal mean-
	     ing of all the characters (except single quotes, making it impos-
	     sible to put single-quotes in a single-quoted string).

     Double Quotes
	     Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal
	     meaning of all characters except dollarsign (`$'), backquote
	     (``'), and backslash (`\').  The backslash inside double quotes
	     is historically weird.  It remains literal unless it precedes the
	     following characters, which it serves to quote:
		   $	 `     "     \	   \n

     Backslash
	     A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following char-
	     acter, with the exception of the newline character (`\n').  A
	     backslash preceding a newline is treated as a line continuation.

   Reserved Words
     Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the shell and are
     recognized at the beginning of a line and after a control operator.  The
     following are reserved words:

	   !	    {	     }	      case	do
	   done     elif     else     esac	fi
	   for	    if	     then     until	while

   Aliases
     An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the alias built-in
     command.  Whenever a reserved word may occur (see above), and after
     checking for reserved words, the shell checks the word to see if it
     matches an alias.	If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with
     its value.  For example, if there is an alias called ``lf'' with the
     value ``ls -F'', then the input

	   lf foobar

     would become

	   ls -F foobar

     Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to create shorthands for
     commands without having to learn how to create functions with arguments.
     They can also be used to create lexically obscure code.  This use is dis-
     couraged.

     An alias name may be escaped in a command line, so that it is not
     replaced by its alias value, by using quoting characters within or adja-
     cent to the alias name.  This is most often done by prefixing an alias
     name with a backslash to execute a function, built-in, or normal program
     with the same name.  See the Quoting subsection.

   Commands
     The shell interprets the words it reads according to a language, the
     specification of which is outside the scope of this man page (refer to
     the BNF in the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') document).  Essentially
     though, a line is read and if the first word of the line (or after a con-
     trol operator) is not a reserved word, then the shell has recognized a
     simple command.  Otherwise, a complex command or some other special con-
     struct may have been recognized.

   Simple Commands
     If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs the following
     actions:

     1.   Leading words of the form ``name=value'' are stripped off and
	  assigned to the environment of the simple command.  Redirection
	  operators and their arguments (as described below) are stripped off
	  and saved for processing.

     2.   The remaining words are expanded as described in the section called
	  Word Expansions, and the first remaining word is considered the com-
	  mand name and the command is located.  The remaining words are con-
	  sidered the arguments of the command.  If no command name resulted,
	  then the ``name=value'' variable assignments recognized in 1) affect
	  the current shell.

     3.   Redirections are performed as described in the next section.

   Redirections
     Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input or sends
     its output.  In general, redirections open, close, or duplicate an exist-
     ing reference to a file.  The overall format used for redirection is:

	   [n] redir-op file

     The `redir-op' is one of the redirection operators mentioned previously.
     The following gives some examples of how these operators can be used.
     Note that stdin and stdout are commonly used abbreviations for standard
     input and standard output respectively.

	   [n]> file	 redirect stdout (or file descriptor n) to file

	   [n]>| file	 same as above, but override the -C option

	   [n]>> file	 append stdout (or file descriptor n) to file

	   [n]< file	 redirect stdin (or file descriptor n) from file

	   [n]<> file	 redirect stdin (or file descriptor n) to and from
			 file

	   [n1]<&n2	 duplicate stdin (or file descriptor n1) from file
			 descriptor n2

	   [n]<&-	 close stdin (or file descriptor n)

	   [n1]>&n2	 duplicate stdout (or file descriptor n1) to file
			 descriptor n2

	   [n]>&-	 close stdout (or file descriptor n)

     The following redirection is often called a ``here-document''.

	   [n]<< delimiter
		   here-doc-text
		   ...
	   delimiter

     All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is saved away and
     made available to the command on standard input, or file descriptor n if
     it is specified.  If the delimiter as specified on the initial line is
     quoted, then the here-doc-text is treated literally, otherwise the text
     is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
     expansion (as described in the section on Word Expansions).  If the oper-
     ator is ``<<-'' instead of ``<<'', then leading tabs in the here-doc-text
     are stripped.

   Search and Execution
     There are three types of commands: shell functions, built-in commands,
     and normal programs.  The command is searched for (by name) in that
     order.  The three types of commands are all executed in a different way.

     When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional parameters
     (except $0, which remains unchanged) are set to the arguments of the
     shell function.  The variables which are explicitly placed in the envi-
     ronment of the command (by placing assignments to them before the func-
     tion name) are made local to the function and are set to the values
     given.  Then the command given in the function definition is executed.
     The positional parameters are restored to their original values when the
     command completes.  This all occurs within the current shell.

     Shell built-in commands are executed internally to the shell, without
     spawning a new process.

     Otherwise, if the command name does not match a function or built-in com-
     mand, the command is searched for as a normal program in the file system
     (as described in the next section).  When a normal program is executed,
     the shell runs the program, passing the arguments and the environment to
     the program.  If the program is not a normal executable file (i.e., if it
     does not begin with the "magic number" whose ASCII representation is
     "#!", resulting in an ENOEXEC return value from execve(2)) the shell will
     interpret the program in a subshell.  The child shell will reinitialize
     itself in this case, so that the effect will be as if a new shell had
     been invoked to handle the ad-hoc shell script, except that the location
     of hashed commands located in the parent shell will be remembered by the
     child.

     Note that previous versions of this document and the source code itself
     misleadingly and sporadically refer to a shell script without a magic
     number as a "shell procedure".

   Path Search
     When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if it has a shell
     function by that name.  Then it looks for a built-in command by that
     name.  If a built-in command is not found, one of two things happen:

     1.   Command names containing a slash are simply executed without per-
	  forming any searches.

     2.   The shell searches each entry in PATH in turn for the command.  The
	  value of the PATH variable should be a series of entries separated
	  by colons.  Each entry consists of a directory name.	The current
	  directory may be indicated implicitly by an empty directory name, or
	  explicitly by a single period.

   Command Exit Status
     Each command has an exit status that can influence the behavior of other
     shell commands.  The paradigm is that a command exits with zero for nor-
     mal or success, and non-zero for failure, error, or a false indication.
     The man page for each command should indicate the various exit codes and
     what they mean.  Additionally, the built-in commands return exit codes,
     as does an executed shell function.

     If a command is terminated by a signal, its exit status is 128 plus the
     signal number.  Signal numbers are defined in the header file
     <sys/signal.h>.

   Complex Commands
     Complex commands are combinations of simple commands with control opera-
     tors or reserved words, together creating a larger complex command.  More
     generally, a command is one of the following:

	   simple command

	   pipeline

	   list or compound-list

	   compound command

	   function definition

     Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is that of the last
     simple command executed by the command.

   Pipelines
     A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by the control
     operator |.  The standard output of all but the last command is connected
     to the standard input of the next command.  The standard output of the
     last command is inherited from the shell, as usual.

     The format for a pipeline is:

	   [!] command1 [| command2 ...]

     The standard output of command1 is connected to the standard input of
     command2.	The standard input, standard output, or both of a command is
     considered to be assigned by the pipeline before any redirection speci-
     fied by redirection operators that are part of the command.

     If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later), the shell
     waits for all commands to complete.

     If the reserved word ! does not precede the pipeline, the exit status is
     the exit status of the last command specified in the pipeline.  Other-
     wise, the exit status is the logical NOT of the exit status of the last
     command.  That is, if the last command returns zero, the exit status is
     1; if the last command returns greater than zero, the exit status is
     zero.

     Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard output or both
     takes place before redirection, it can be modified by redirection.  For
     example:

	   $ command1 2>&1 | command2

     sends both the standard output and standard error of `command1' to the
     standard input of `command2'.

     A ``;'' or newline terminator causes the preceding AND-OR-list (described
     below in the section called Short-Circuit List Operators) to be executed
     sequentially; an ``&'' causes asynchronous execution of the preceding
     AND-OR-list.

     Note that unlike some other shells, sh executes each process in the pipe-
     line as a child of the sh process.  Shell built-in commands are the
     exception to this rule.  They are executed in the current shell, although
     they do not affect its environment when used in pipelines.

   Background Commands (&)
     If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand (`&'), the
     shell executes the command asynchronously; the shell does not wait for
     the command to finish before executing the next command.

     The format for running a command in background is:

	   command1 & [command2 & ...]

     If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an asynchronous
     command is set to /dev/null.

   Lists (Generally Speaking)
     A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by newlines,
     semicolons, or ampersands, and optionally terminated by one of these
     three characters.	The commands in a list are executed in the order they
     are written.  If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts
     the command and immediately proceeds onto the next command; otherwise it
     waits for the command to terminate before proceeding to the next one.

   Short-Circuit List Operators
     ``&&'' and ``||'' are AND-OR list operators.  ``&&'' executes the first
     command, and then executes the second command if the exit status of the
     first command is zero.  ``||'' is similar, but executes the second com-
     mand if the exit status of the first command is nonzero.  ``&&'' and
     ``||'' both have the same priority.

   Flow-Control Constructs (if, while, for, case)
     The syntax of the if command is:
	   if list
	   then list
	   [elif list
	   then list] ...
	   [else list]
	   fi

     The syntax of the while command is:
	   while list
	   do list
	   done

     The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the first
     list is zero.  The until command is similar, but has the word until in
     place of while, which causes it to repeat until the exit status of the
     first list is zero.

     The syntax of the for command is:
	   for variable [in word ...]
	   do list
	   done

     If in and the following words are omitted, in $@ is used instead.	The
     words are expanded, and then the list is executed repeatedly with the
     variable set to each word in turn.  The do and done commands may be
     replaced with ``{'' and ``}''.

     The syntax of the break and continue commands is:
	   break [num]
	   continue [num]

     The break command terminates the num innermost for or while loops.  The
     continue command continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop.
     These are implemented as built-in commands.

     The syntax of the case command is
	   case word in
	   pattern) list ;;
	   ...
	   esac

     The pattern can actually be one or more patterns (see Shell Patterns
     described later), separated by ``|'' characters.

   Grouping Commands Together
     Commands may be grouped by writing either

	   (list)

     or

	   { list; }

     The first form executes the commands in a subshell.  Note that built-in
     commands thus executed do not affect the current shell.  The second form
     does not fork another shell, so it is slightly more efficient.  Grouping
     commands together this way allows the user to redirect their output as
     though they were one program:

	   { echo -n "hello"; echo " world"; } > greeting

   Functions
     The syntax of a function definition is

	   name ( ) command

     A function definition is an executable statement; when executed it
     installs a function named name and returns an exit status of zero.  The
     command is normally a list enclosed between ``{'' and ``}''.

     Variables may be declared to be local to a function by using the local
     command.  This should appear as the first statement of a function, and
     the syntax is:

	   local [variable ...] [-]

     The local command is implemented as a built-in command.

     When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial value and exported
     and readonly flags from the variable with the same name in the surround-
     ing scope, if there is one.  Otherwise, the variable is initially unset.
     The shell uses dynamic scoping, so that if the variable x is made local
     to function f, which then calls function g, references to the variable x
     made inside g will refer to the variable x declared inside f, not to the
     global variable named x.

     The only special parameter that can be made local is ``-''.  Making ``-''
     local causes any shell options that are changed via the set command
     inside the function to be restored to their original values when the
     function returns.

     The syntax of the return command is

	   return [exitstatus]

     It terminates the current executional scope, returning from the previous
     nested function, sourced script, or shell instance, in that order.  The
     return command is implemented as a built-in command.

   Variables and Parameters
     The shell maintains a set of parameters.  A parameter denoted by a name
     is called a variable.  When starting up, the shell turns all the environ-
     ment variables into shell variables.  New variables can be set using the
     form

	   name=value

     Variables set by the user must have a name consisting solely of alphabet-
     ics, numerics, and underscores.  The first letter of a variable name must
     not be numeric.  A parameter can also be denoted by a number or a special
     character as explained below.

   Positional Parameters
     A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number greater than
     zero.  The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line
     arguments that follow the name of the shell script.  The set built-in
     command can also be used to set or reset them.

   Special Parameters
     A special parameter is a parameter denoted by a special one-character
     name.  The special parameters recognized by the sh shell of FreeBSD are
     shown in the following list, exactly as they would appear in input typed
     by the user or in the source of a shell script.

     $*      Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When
	     the expansion occurs within a double-quoted string it expands to
	     a single field with the value of each parameter separated by the
	     first character of the IFS variable, or by a  if IFS is
	     unset.

     $@      Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When
	     the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional param-
	     eter expands as a separate argument.  If there are no positional
	     parameters, the expansion of @ generates zero arguments, even
	     when @ is double-quoted.  What this basically means, for example,
	     is if $1 is ``abc'' and $2 is ``def ghi'', then "$@" expands to
	     the two arguments:

		   "abc"   "def ghi"

     $#      Expands to the number of positional parameters.

     $?      Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline.

     $-      (hyphen) Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter
	     option names concatenated into a string) as specified on invoca-
	     tion, by the set built-in command, or implicitly by the shell.

     $$      Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell.  A subshell
	     retains the same value of $ as its parent.

     $!      Expands to the process ID of the most recent background command
	     executed from the current shell.  For a pipeline, the process ID
	     is that of the last command in the pipeline.

     $0      (zero) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.

   Word Expansions
     This clause describes the various expansions that are performed on words.
     Not all expansions are performed on every word, as explained later.

     Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions, arithmetic
     expansions, and quote removals that occur within a single word expand to
     a single field.  It is only field splitting or pathname expansion that
     can create multiple fields from a single word.  The single exception to
     this rule is the expansion of the special parameter @ within double-
     quotes, as was described above.

     The order of word expansion is:

     1.   Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution, Arith-
	  metic Expansion (these all occur at the same time).

     2.   Field Splitting is performed on fields generated by step (1) unless
	  the IFS variable is null.

     3.   Pathname Expansion (unless the -f option is in effect).

     4.   Quote Removal.

     The ``$'' character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command
     substitution, or arithmetic evaluation.

   Tilde Expansion (substituting a user's home directory)
     A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character (`~') is subjected to
     tilde expansion.  All the characters up to a slash (`/') or the end of
     the word are treated as a username and are replaced with the user's home
     directory.  If the username is missing (as in ~/foobar), the tilde is
     replaced with the value of the HOME variable (the current user's home
     directory).

   Parameter Expansion
     The format for parameter expansion is as follows:

	   ${expression}

     where expression consists of all characters until the matching ``}''.
     Any ``}'' escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and charac-
     ters in embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and vari-
     able expansions, are not examined in determining the matching ``}''.

     The simplest form for parameter expansion is:

	   ${parameter}

     The value, if any, of parameter is substituted.

     The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are
     optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or
     when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as
     part of the name.	If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes:

     1.   Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the expansion.

     2.   Field splitting is not performed on the results of the expansion,
	  with the exception of the special parameter @.

     In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the
     following formats.

     ${parameter:-word}
	     Use Default Values.  If parameter is unset or null, the expansion
	     of word is substituted; otherwise, the value of parameter is sub-
	     stituted.

     ${parameter:=word}
	     Assign Default Values.  If parameter is unset or null, the expan-
	     sion of word is assigned to parameter.  In all cases, the final
	     value of parameter is substituted.  Only variables, not posi-
	     tional parameters or special parameters, can be assigned in this
	     way.

     ${parameter:?[word]}
	     Indicate Error if Null or Unset.  If parameter is unset or null,
	     the expansion of word (or a message indicating it is unset if
	     word is omitted) is written to standard error and the shell exits
	     with a nonzero exit status.  Otherwise, the value of parameter is
	     substituted.  An interactive shell need not exit.

     ${parameter:+word}
	     Use Alternate Value.  If parameter is unset or null, null is sub-
	     stituted; otherwise, the expansion of word is substituted.

     In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the
     format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission
     of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset.

     ${#parameter}
	     String Length.  The length in characters of the value of parame-
	     ter.

     The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring
     processing.  In each case, pattern matching notation (see Shell
     Patterns), rather than regular expression notation, is used to evaluate
     the patterns.  If parameter is one of the special parameters * or @, the
     result of the expansion is unspecified.  Enclosing the full parameter
     expansion string in double-quotes does not cause the following four vari-
     eties of pattern characters to be quoted, whereas quoting characters
     within the braces has this effect.

     ${parameter%word}
	     Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern.  The word is expanded to produce
	     a pattern.  The parameter expansion then results in parameter,
	     with the smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern
	     deleted.

     ${parameter%%word}
	     Remove Largest Suffix Pattern.  The word is expanded to produce a
	     pattern.  The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with
	     the largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.

     ${parameter#word}
	     Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern.  The word is expanded to produce
	     a pattern.  The parameter expansion then results in parameter,
	     with the smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern
	     deleted.

     ${parameter##word}
	     Remove Largest Prefix Pattern.  The word is expanded to produce a
	     pattern.  The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with
	     the largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.

   Command Substitution
     Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in
     place of the command name itself.	Command substitution occurs when the
     command is enclosed as follows:

	   $(command)

     or the backquoted version:

	   `command`

     The shell expands the command substitution by executing command in a sub-
     shell environment and replacing the command substitution with the stan-
     dard output of the command, removing sequences of one or more newlines at
     the end of the substitution.  Embedded newlines before the end of the
     output are not removed; however, during field splitting, they may be
     translated into spaces depending on the value of IFS and the quoting that
     is in effect.

   Arithmetic Expansion
     Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic
     expression and substituting its value.  The format for arithmetic expan-
     sion is as follows:

	   $((expression))

     The expression is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except that a
     double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially.  The shell
     expands all tokens in the expression for parameter expansion, command
     substitution, and quote removal.

     Next, the shell treats this as an arithmetic expression and substitutes
     the value of the expression.

   White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)
     After parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion
     the shell scans the results of expansions and substitutions that did not
     occur in double-quotes for field splitting and multiple fields can
     result.

     The shell treats each character of the IFS as a delimiter and uses the
     delimiters to split the results of parameter expansion and command sub-
     stitution into fields.

   Pathname Expansion (File Name Generation)
     Unless the -f option is set, file name generation is performed after word
     splitting is complete.  Each word is viewed as a series of patterns, sep-
     arated by slashes.  The process of expansion replaces the word with the
     names of all existing files whose names can be formed by replacing each
     pattern with a string that matches the specified pattern.	There are two
     restrictions on this: first, a pattern cannot match a string containing a
     slash, and second, a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period
     unless the first character of the pattern is a period.  The next section
     describes the patterns used for both Pathname Expansion and the case com-
     mand.

   Shell Patterns
     A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves, and
     meta-characters.  The meta-characters are ``!'', ``*'', ``?'', and ``[''.
     These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted.  When
     command or variable substitution is performed and the dollar sign or back
     quotes are not double-quoted, the value of the variable or the output of
     the command is scanned for these characters and they are turned into
     meta-characters.

     An asterisk (`*') matches any string of characters.  A question mark
     (`?') matches any single character.  A left bracket ([`') introduces a
     character class.  The end of the character class is indicated by a ``]'';
     if the ``]'' is missing then the ``['' matches a ``['' rather than intro-
     ducing a character class.	A character class matches any of the charac-
     ters between the square brackets.	A range of characters may be specified
     using a minus sign.  The character class may be complemented by making an
     exclamation point (`!') the first character of the character class.

     To include a ``]'' in a character class, make it the first character
     listed (after the ``!'', if any).	To include a ``-'', make it the first
     or last character listed.

   Built-in Commands
     This section lists the commands which are built-in because they need to
     perform some operation that cannot be performed by a separate process.
     In addition to these, a built-in version of the test(1) command is pro-
     vided for efficiency.

     :	     A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value.

     . file  The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the
	     shell.  The return command may be used to return to the . com-
	     mand's caller.  If file contains any ``/'' characters, it is used
	     as is.  Otherwise, the shell searches the PATH for the file.  If
	     it is not found in the PATH, it is sought in the current working
	     directory.

     alias [name[=string] ...]
	     If name=string is specified, the shell defines the alias name
	     with value string.  If just name is specified, the value of the
	     alias name is printed.  With no arguments, the alias built-in
	     command prints the names and values of all defined aliases (see
	     unalias).	Alias values are written with appropriate quoting so
	     that they are suitable for re-input to the shell.	Also see the
	     Aliases subsection.

     bg [job ...]
	     Continue the specified jobs (or the current job if no jobs are
	     given) in the background.

     builtin cmd [arg ...]
	     Execute the specified built-in command, cmd.  This is useful when
	     the user wishes to override a shell function with the same name
	     as a built-in command.

     bind [-aeklrsv] [key [command]]
	     List or alter key bindings for the line editor.  This command is
	     documented in editrc(5).

     cd [-L | -P] [directory]
	     Switch to the specified directory, or to the directory specified
	     in the HOME environment variable if no directory is specified.
	     If directory does not begin with /, ., or .., then the directo-
	     ries listed in the CDPATH variable will be searched for the spec-
	     ified directory.  If CDPATH is unset, the current directory is
	     searched.	The format of CDPATH is the same as that of PATH.  In
	     an interactive shell, the cd command will print out the name of
	     the directory that it actually switched to if this is different
	     from the name that the user gave.	These may be different either
	     because the CDPATH mechanism was used or because a symbolic link
	     was crossed.

	     If the -P option is specified, .. is handled physically and sym-
	     bolic links are resolved before .. components are processed.  If
	     the -L option is specified, .. is handled logically.  This is the
	     default.

     chdir   A synonym for the cd built-in command.

     command [-p] [utility [argument ...]]

     command [-v | -V] [utility]
	     The first form of invocation executes the specified utility as a
	     simple command (see the Simple Commands section).

	     If the -p option is specified, the command search is performed
	     using a default value of PATH that is guaranteed to find all of
	     the standard utilities.

	     If the -v option is specified, utility is not executed but a
	     description of its interpretation by the shell is printed.  For
	     ordinary commands the output is the path name; for shell built-in
	     commands, shell functions and keywords only the name is written.
	     Aliases are printed as ``alias name=value''.

	     The -V option is identical to -v except for the output.  It
	     prints ``utility is description'' where description is either the
	     path name to utility, a shell builtin, a shell function, a shell
	     keyword or an alias for value.

     echo [-e | -n] [string ...]
	     Print a space-separated list of the arguments to the standard
	     output and append a newline character.

	     -n      Suppress the output of the trailing newline.

	     -e      Process C-style backslash escape sequences.  echo under-
		     stands the following character escapes:

		     \a      Alert (ring the terminal bell)

		     \b      Backspace

		     \c      Suppress the trailing newline (this has the side-
			     effect of truncating the line if it is not the
			     last character)

		     \e      The ESC character (ASCII 0x1b)

		     \f      Formfeed

		     \n      Newline

		     \r      Carriage return

		     \t      Horizontal tab

		     \v      Vertical tab

		     \\      Literal backslash

		     \0nnn   (Zero) The character whose octal value is nnn

		     If string is not enclosed in quotes then the backslash
		     itself must be escaped with a backslash to protect it
		     from the shell.  For example

			   $ echo -e "a\vb"
			   a
			    b
			   $ echo -e a\\vb
			   a
			    b
			   $ echo -e "a\\b"
			   a\b
			   $ echo -e a\\\\b
			   a\b

	     Only one of the -e and -n options may be specified.

     eval string ...
	     Concatenate all the arguments with spaces.  Then re-parse and
	     execute the command.

     exec [command [arg ...]]
	     Unless command is omitted, the shell process is replaced with the
	     specified program (which must be a real program, not a shell
	     built-in command or function).  Any redirections on the exec com-
	     mand are marked as permanent, so that they are not undone when
	     the exec command finishes.

     exit [exitstatus]
	     Terminate the shell process.  If exitstatus is given it is used
	     as the exit status of the shell; otherwise the exit status of the
	     preceding command is used.

     export name ...

     export [-p]
	     The specified names are exported so that they will appear in the
	     environment of subsequent commands.  The only way to un-export a
	     variable is to unset it.  The shell allows the value of a vari-
	     able to be set at the same time as it is exported by writing

		   export name=value

	     With no arguments the export command lists the names of all
	     exported variables.  If the -p option is specified, the exported
	     variables are printed as ``export name=value'' lines, suitable
	     for re-input to the shell.

     fc [-e editor] [first [last]]

     fc -l [-nr] [first [last]]

     fc -s [old=new] [first]
	     The fc built-in command lists, or edits and re-executes, commands
	     previously entered to an interactive shell.

	     -e editor
		     Use the editor named by editor to edit the commands.  The
		     editor string is a command name, subject to search via
		     the PATH variable.  The value in the FCEDIT variable is
		     used as a default when -e is not specified.  If FCEDIT is
		     null or unset, the value of the EDITOR variable is used.
		     If EDITOR is null or unset, ed(1) is used as the editor.

	     -l (ell)
		     List the commands rather than invoking an editor on them.
		     The commands are written in the sequence indicated by the
		     first and last operands, as affected by -r, with each
		     command preceded by the command number.

	     -n      Suppress command numbers when listing with -l.

	     -r      Reverse the order of the commands listed (with -l) or
		     edited (with neither -l nor -s).

	     -s      Re-execute the command without invoking an editor.

	     first

	     last    Select the commands to list or edit.  The number of pre-
		     vious commands that can be accessed are determined by the
		     value of the HISTSIZE variable.  The value of first or
		     last or both are one of the following:

		     [+]num  A positive number representing a command number;
			     command numbers can be displayed with the -l
			     option.

		     -num    A negative decimal number representing the com-
			     mand that was executed num of commands previ-
			     ously.  For example, -1 is the immediately previ-
			     ous command.

		     string  A string indicating the most recently entered
			     command that begins with that string.  If the
			     old=new operand is not also specified with -s,
			     the string form of the first operand cannot con-
			     tain an embedded equal sign.

	     The following environment variables affect the execution of fc:

	     FCEDIT    Name of the editor to use for history editing.

	     HISTSIZE  The number of previous commands that are accessible.

     fg [job]
	     Move the specified job or the current job to the foreground.

     getopts optstring var
	     The POSIX getopts command.  The getopts command deprecates the
	     older getopt(1) command.  The first argument should be a series
	     of letters, each possibly followed by a colon which indicates
	     that the option takes an argument.  The specified variable is set
	     to the parsed option.  The index of the next argument is placed
	     into the shell variable OPTIND.  If an option takes an argument,
	     it is placed into the shell variable OPTARG.  If an invalid
	     option is encountered, var is set to ``?''.  It returns a false
	     value (1) when it encounters the end of the options.

     hash [-rv] [command ...]
	     The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the locations of
	     commands.	With no arguments whatsoever, the hash command prints
	     out the contents of this table.  Entries which have not been
	     looked at since the last cd command are marked with an asterisk;
	     it is possible for these entries to be invalid.

	     With arguments, the hash command removes each specified command
	     from the hash table (unless they are functions) and then locates
	     it.  With the -v option, hash prints the locations of the com-
	     mands as it finds them.  The -r option causes the hash command to
	     delete all the entries in the hash table except for functions.

     jobid [job]
	     Print the process id's of the processes in the specified job.  If
	     the job argument is omitted, use the current job.

     jobs [-ls] [job ...]
	     Print information about the specified jobs, or all jobs if no job
	     argument is given.  The information printed includes job ID, sta-
	     tus and command name.

	     If the -l option is specified, the PID of each job is also
	     printed.  If the -s option is specified, only the PIDs of the
	     jobs are printed, one per line.

     local [variable ...] [-]
	     See the Functions subsection.

     pwd [-L | -P]
	     Print the path of the current directory.  The built-in command
	     may differ from the program of the same name because the built-in
	     command remembers what the current directory is rather than
	     recomputing it each time.	This makes it faster.  However, if the
	     current directory is renamed, the built-in version of pwd(1) will
	     continue to print the old name for the directory.

	     If the -P option is specified, symbolic links are resolved.  If
	     the -L option is specified, the shell's notion of the current
	     directory is printed (symbolic links are not resolved).  This is
	     the default.

     read [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-er] variable ...
	     The prompt is printed if the -p option is specified and the stan-
	     dard input is a terminal.	Then a line is read from the standard
	     input.  The trailing newline is deleted from the line and the
	     line is split as described in the section on White Space
	     Splitting (Field Splitting) above, and the pieces are assigned to
	     the variables in order.  If there are more pieces than variables,
	     the remaining pieces (along with the characters in IFS that sepa-
	     rated them) are assigned to the last variable.  If there are more
	     variables than pieces, the remaining variables are assigned the
	     null string.

	     Backslashes are treated specially, unless the -r option is speci-
	     fied.  If a backslash is followed by a newline, the backslash and
	     the newline will be deleted.  If a backslash is followed by any
	     other character, the backslash will be deleted and the following
	     character will be treated as though it were not in IFS, even if
	     it is.

	     If the -t option is specified and the timeout elapses before any
	     input is supplied, the read command will return an exit status of
	     1 without assigning any values.  The timeout value may optionally
	     be followed by one of ``s'', ``m'' or ``h'' to explicitly specify
	     seconds, minutes or hours.  If none is supplied, ``s'' is
	     assumed.

	     The -e option exists only for backward compatibility with older
	     scripts.

     readonly [-p] [name ...]
	     Each specified name is marked as read only, so that it cannot be
	     subsequently modified or unset.  The shell allows the value of a
	     variable to be set at the same time as it is marked read only by
	     using the following form:

		   readonly name=value

	     With no arguments the readonly command lists the names of all
	     read only variables.  If the -p option is specified, the read-
	     only variables are printed as ``readonly name=value'' lines,
	     suitable for re-input to the shell.

     return [exitstatus]
	     See the Functions subsection.

     set [-/+abCEefIimnpTuVvx] [-/+o longname] [-c string] [-- arg ...]
	     The set command performs three different functions:

	     With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables.

	     If options are given, either in short form or using the long
	     ``-/+o longname'' form, it sets or clears the specified options
	     as described in the section called Argument List Processing.

	     If the ``--'' option is specified, set will replace the shell's
	     positional parameters with the subsequent arguments.  If no argu-
	     ments follow the ``--'' option, all the positional parameters
	     will be cleared, which is equivalent to executing the command
	     ``shift $#''.  The ``--'' flag may be omitted when specifying
	     arguments to be used as positional replacement parameters.  This
	     is not recommended, because the first argument may begin with a
	     dash (`-') or a plus (`+'), which the set command will interpret
	     as a request to enable or disable options.

     setvar variable value
	     Assigns the specified value to the specified variable.  Setvar is
	     intended to be used in functions that assign values to variables
	     whose names are passed as parameters.  In general it is better to
	     write

		   variable=value
	     rather than using setvar.

     shift [n]
	     Shift the positional parameters n times, or once if n is not
	     specified.  A shift sets the value of $1 to the value of $2, the
	     value of $2 to the value of $3, and so on, decreasing the value
	     of $# by one.  If there are zero positional parameters, shifting
	     does not do anything.

     times   Print the amount of time spent executing the shell and its chil-
	     dren.  The first output line shows the user and system times for
	     the shell itself, the second one contains the user and system
	     times for the children.

     trap [action] signal ...

     trap -l
	     Cause the shell to parse and execute action when any specified
	     signal is received.  The signals are specified by name or number.
	     In addition, the pseudo-signal EXIT may be used to specify an
	     action that is performed when the shell terminates.  The action
	     may be an empty string or a dash (-); the former causes the spec-
	     ified signal to be ignored and the latter causes the default
	     action to be taken.  Omitting the action is another way to
	     request the default action, for compatibility reasons this usage
	     is not recommended though.  When the shell forks off a subshell,
	     it resets trapped (but not ignored) signals to the default
	     action.  The trap command has no effect on signals that were
	     ignored on entry to the shell.

	     Option -l causes the trap command to display a list of valid sig-
	     nal names.

     type [name ...]
	     Interpret each name as a command and print the resolution of the
	     command search.  Possible resolutions are: shell keyword, alias,
	     shell built-in command, command, tracked alias and not found.
	     For aliases the alias expansion is printed; for commands and
	     tracked aliases the complete pathname of the command is printed.

     ulimit [-HSabcdflmnstuv] [limit]
	     Set or display resource limits (see getrlimit(2)).  If limit is
	     specified, the named resource will be set; otherwise the current
	     resource value will be displayed.

	     If -H is specified, the hard limits will be set or displayed.
	     While everybody is allowed to reduce a hard limit, only the supe-
	     ruser can increase it.  The -S option specifies the soft limits
	     instead.  When displaying limits, only one of -S or -H can be
	     given.  The default is to display the soft limits, and to set
	     both the hard and the soft limits.

	     Option -a causes the ulimit command to display all resources.
	     The parameter limit is not acceptable in this mode.

	     The remaining options specify which resource value is to be dis-
	     played or modified.  They are mutually exclusive.

	     -b sbsize
		     The maximum size of socket buffer usage, in bytes.

	     -c coredumpsize
		     The maximal size of core dump files, in 512-byte blocks.

	     -d datasize
		     The maximal size of the data segment of a process, in
		     kilobytes.

	     -f filesize
		     The maximal size of a file, in 512-byte blocks.

	     -l lockedmem
		     The maximal size of memory that can be locked by a
		     process, in kilobytes.

	     -m memoryuse
		     The maximal resident set size of a process, in kilobytes.

	     -n nofiles
		     The maximal number of descriptors that could be opened by
		     a process.

	     -s stacksize
		     The maximal size of the stack segment, in kilobytes.

	     -t time
		     The maximal amount of CPU time to be used by each
		     process, in seconds.

	     -u userproc
		     The maximal number of simultaneous processes for this
		     user ID.

	     -v virtualmem
		     The maximal virtual size of a process, in kilobytes.

     umask [-S] [mask]
	     Set the file creation mask (see umask(2)) to the octal or sym-
	     bolic (see chmod(1)) value specified by mask.  If the argument is
	     omitted, the current mask value is printed.  If the -S option is
	     specified, the output is symbolic, otherwise the output is octal.

     unalias [-a] [name ...]
	     The specified alias names are removed.  If -a is specified, all
	     aliases are removed.

     unset [-fv] name ...
	     The specified variables or functions are unset and unexported.
	     If the -v option is specified or no options are given, the name
	     arguments are treated as variable names.  If the -f option is
	     specified, the name arguments are treated as function names.

     wait [job]
	     Wait for the specified job to complete and return the exit status
	     of the last process in the job.  If the argument is omitted, wait
	     for all jobs to complete and return an exit status of zero.

   Commandline Editing
     When sh is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command
     and the command history (see fc in Built-in Commands) can be edited using
     vi-mode command line editing.  This mode uses commands similar to a sub-
     set of those described in the vi man page.  The command ``set -o vi'' (or
     ``set -V'') enables vi-mode editing and places sh into vi insert mode.
     With vi-mode enabled, sh can be switched between insert mode and command
     mode by typing .  Hitting  while in command mode will pass
     the line to the shell.

     Similarly, the ``set -o emacs'' (or ``set -E'') command can be used to
     enable a subset of emacs-style command line editing features.

ENVIRONMENT
     The following environment variables affect the execution of sh:

     CDPATH    The search path used with the cd built-in.

     EDITOR    The fallback editor used with the fc built-in.  If not set, the
	       default editor is ed(1).

     FCEDIT    The default editor used with the fc built-in.

     HISTSIZE  The number of previous commands that are accessible.

     HOME      The starting directory of sh.

     IFS       Input Field Separators.	This is normally set to ,
	       , and .  See the White Space Splitting section
	       for more details.

     MAIL      The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival
	       of new mail.  Overridden by MAILPATH.

     MAILPATH  A colon (`:') separated list of file names, for the shell to
	       check for incoming mail.  This environment setting overrides
	       the MAIL setting.  There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can
	       be monitored at once.

     PATH      The default search path for executables.  See the Path Search
	       section for details.

     PS1       The primary prompt string, which defaults to ``$ '', unless you
	       are the superuser, in which case it defaults to ``# ''.

     PS2       The secondary prompt string, which defaults to ``> ''.

     TERM      The default terminal setting for the shell.  This is inherited
	       by children of the shell, and is used in the history editing
	       modes.

EXIT STATUS
     Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will cause
     the shell to exit with a non-zero exit status.  If the shell is not an
     interactive shell, the execution of the shell file will be aborted.  Oth-
     erwise the shell will return the exit status of the last command exe-
     cuted, or if the exit builtin is used with a numeric argument, it will
     return the argument.

SEE ALSO
     builtin(1), chsh(1), echo(1), ed(1), emacs(1), expr(1), getopt(1),
     pwd(1), test(1), vi(1), execve(2), getrlimit(2), umask(2), editrc(5)

HISTORY
     A sh command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.

BUGS
     The sh utility does not recognize multibyte characters.

FreeBSD 6.1		       December 8, 2005 		   FreeBSD 6.1
=21181
+2500
(92)