a2p
accept
access
acct
addftinfo
addr2line
adjtime
afmtodit
after
aio_cancel
aio_error
aio_read
aio_return
aio_suspend
aio_waitcomplete
aio_write
alias
aliases
alloc
anvil
append
apply
apropos
ar
array
as
asa
asn1parse
at
atq
atrm
attemptckalloc
attemptckrealloc
authlib
authtest
autopoint
awk
b64decode
b64encode
basename
batch
bc
bdes
bell
bg
bgerror
biff
big5
binary
bind
bindkey
bindtags
bindtextdomain
bio
bitmap
blowfish
bn
bootparams
bootptab
bounce
brandelf
break
breaksw
brk
bsdiff
bsdtar
bsnmpd
bspatch
bthost
btsockstat
buffer
builtin
builtins
bunzip2
button
byacc
bzcat
bzegrep
bzfgrep
bzgrep
bzip2
c2ph
c89
c99
ca
cal
calendar
canvas
cap_mkdb
case
cat
catch
catman
cc
cd
cdcontrol
chdir
checkbutton
checknr
chflags
chfn
chgrp
chio
chkey
chmod
chown
chpass
chroot
chsh
ci
ciphers
ckalloc
ckdist
ckfree
ckrealloc
cksum
cleanup
clear
clipboard
clock
clock_getres
clock_gettime
clock_settime
close
cmp
co
col
colcrt
colldef
colors
colrm
column
comm
command
compile_et
complete
compress
concat
config
connect
console
continue
core
courierlogger
couriertcpd
cp
cpan
cpio
cpp
creat
crl
crontab
crunchgen
crunchide
crypt
crypto
csh
csplit
ctags
ctm
ctm_dequeue
ctm_rmail
ctm_smail
cu
cursor
cursors
cut
cvs
date
dbiprof
dbiproxy
dc
dcgettext
dcngettext
dd
dde
default
defer
deliverquota
des
destroy
devfs
df
dgettext
dgst
dh
dhparam
dialog
diff
diff3
dig
dir
dirent
dirname
dirs
discard
disktab
dngettext
do
domainname
done
dprofpp
dsa
dsaparam
dtmfdecode
du
dup
dup2
eaccess
ec
ecdsa
echo
echotc
ecparam
ed
edit
editrc
ee
egrep
elf
elfdump
elif
else
enc
enc2xs
encoding
end
endif
endsw
engine
enigma
entry
env
envsubst
eof
eqn
err
errno
error
errstr
esac
ethers
euc
eui64
eval
event
evp
ex
exec
execve
exit
expand
export
exports
expr
extattr
extattr_delete_fd
extattr_delete_file
extattr_get_fd
extattr_get_file
extattr_set_fd
extattr_set_file
f77
false
famm
famx
fblocked
fbtab
fc
fchdir
fchflags
fchmod
fchown
fcntl
fconfigure
fcopy
fdescfs
fdformat
fdread
fdwrite
fetch
fg
fgrep
fhopen
fhstat
fhstatfs
fi
file
file2c
fileevent
filename
filetest
find
find2perl
finger
flex
flock
flush
fmt
focus
fold
font
fontedit
for
foreach
fork
format
forward
fpathconf
frame
from
fs
fstab
fstat
fstatfs
fsync
ftp
ftpchroot
ftpusers
ftruncate
futimes
g711conv
gb2312
gb18030
gbk
gcc
gcore
gcov
gdb
gencat
gendsa
genrsa
gensnmptree
getconf
getdents
getdirentries
getdtablesize
getegid
geteuid
getfacl
getfh
getfsstat
getgid
getgroups
getitimer
getlogin
getopt
getopts
getpeername
getpgid
getpgrp
getpid
getppid
getpriority
getresgid
getresuid
getrlimit
getrusage
gets
getsid
getsockname
getsockopt
gettext
gettextize
gettimeofday
gettytab
getuid
glob
global
gmake
goto
gperf
gprof
grab
grep
grid
grn
grodvi
groff
groff_font
groff_out
groff_tmac
grog
grolbp
grolj4
grops
grotty
group
groups
gunzip
gzcat
gzexe
gzip
h2ph
h2xs
hash
hashstat
hd
head
help2man
hesinfo
hexdump
history
host
hostname
hosts
hosts_access
hosts_options
hpftodit
http
hup
i386_get_ioperm
i386_get_ldt
i386_set_ioperm
i386_set_ldt
i386_vm86
iconv
id
ident
idprio
if
ifnames253
ifnames259
image
imapd
incr
indent
indxbib
info
infokey
inode
install
instmodsh
interp
intro
introduction
ioctl
ipcrm
ipcs
ipf
ipftest
ipnat
ippool
ipresend
issetugid
jail
jail_attach
jobid
jobs
join
jot
kbdcontrol
kbdmap
kcon
kdestroy
kdump
kenv
kevent
keycap
keylogin
keylogout
keymap
keysyms
kgdb
kill
killall
killpg
kinit
kldfind
kldfirstmod
kldload
kldnext
kldstat
kldsym
kldunload
klist
kpasswd
kqueue
kse
kse_create
kse_exit
kse_release
kse_switchin
kse_thr_interrupt
kse_wakeup
ktrace
label
labelframe
lam
lappend
last
lastcomm
lastlog
lchflags
lchmod
lchown
ld
ldap
ldapadd
ldapcompare
ldapdelete
ldapmodify
ldapmodrdn
ldappasswd
ldapsearch
ldapwhoami
ldd
leave
less
lesskey
lex
lgetfh
lhash
libnetcfg
library
limit
limits
lindex
link
linprocfs
linsert
lint
lio_listio
list
listbox
listen
lj4_font
lkbib
llength
lmtp
ln
load
loadfont
local
locale
locate
lock
lockf
log
logger
login
logins
logname
logout
look
lookbib
lorder
lower
lp
lpq
lpr
lprm
lptest
lrange
lreplace
ls
lsearch
lseek
lset
lsort
lstat
lsvfs
lutimes
lynx
m4
madvise
magic
mail
maildiracl
maildirkw
maildirmake
mailq
mailx
make
makeinfo
makewhatis
man
manpath
master
mc
mcedit
mcview
md2
md4
md5
mdc2
memory
menu
menubar
menubutton
merge
mesg
message
mincore
minherit
minigzip
mkdep
mkdir
mkfifo
mkimapdcert
mklocale
mknod
mkpop3dcert
mkstr
mktemp
mlock
mlockall
mmap
mmroff
modfind
modfnext
modnext
modstat
moduli
more
motd
mount
mprotect
mptable
msdos
msdosfs
msgattrib
msgcat
msgcmp
msgcomm
msgconv
msgen
msgexec
msgfilter
msgfmt
msggrep
msginit
msgmerge
msgs
msgunfmt
msguniq
mskanji
msql2mysql
msync
mt
munlock
munlockall
munmap
mv
myisamchk
myisamlog
myisampack
mysql
mysqlaccess
mysqladmin
mysqlbinlog
mysqlcheck
mysqld
mysqldump
mysqld_multi
mysqld_safe
mysqlhotcopy
mysqlimport
mysqlshow
mysql_config
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
mysql_zap
namespace
nanosleep
nawk
nc
ncal
ncplist
ncplogin
ncplogout
neqn
netconfig
netgroup
netid
netstat
networks
newaliases
newgrp
nex
nfsstat
nfssvc
ngettext
nice
nl
nm
nmount
nohup
nologin
notify
nroff
nseq
nslookup
ntp_adjtime
ntp_gettime
nvi
nview
objcopy
objdump
objformat
ocsp
od
onintr
open
openssl
opieaccess
opieinfo
opiekey
opiekeys
opiepasswd
option
options
oqmgr
pack
package
packagens
pagesize
palette
pam_auth
panedwindow
parray
passwd
paste
patch
pathchk
pathconf
pawd
pax
pbm
pcre
pcreapi
pcrebuild
pcrecallout
pcrecompat
pcrecpp
pcregrep
pcrematching
pcrepartial
pcrepattern
pcreperform
pcreposix
pcreprecompile
pcresample
pcretest
perl
perl56delta
perl58delta
perl561delta
perl570delta
perl571delta
perl572delta
perl573delta
perl581delta
perl582delta
perl583delta
perl584delta
perl585delta
perl586delta
perl587delta
perl588delta
perl5004delta
perl5005delta
perlaix
perlamiga
perlapi
perlapio
perlapollo
perlartistic
perlbeos
perlbook
perlboot
perlbot
perlbs2000
perlbug
perlcall
perlcc
perlce
perlcheat
perlclib
perlcn
perlcompile
perlcygwin
perldata
perldbmfilter
perldebguts
perldebtut
perldebug
perldelta
perldgux
perldiag
perldoc
perldos
perldsc
perlebcdic
perlembed
perlepoc
perlfaq
perlfaq1
perlfaq2
perlfaq3
perlfaq4
perlfaq5
perlfaq6
perlfaq7
perlfaq8
perlfaq9
perlfilter
perlfork
perlform
perlfreebsd
perlfunc
perlglossary
perlgpl
perlguts
perlhack
perlhist
perlhpux
perlhurd
perlintern
perlintro
perliol
perlipc
perlirix
perlivp
perljp
perlko
perllexwarn
perllinux
perllocale
perllol
perlmachten
perlmacos
perlmacosx
perlmint
perlmod
perlmodinstall
perlmodlib
perlmodstyle
perlmpeix
perlnetware
perlnewmod
perlnumber
perlobj
perlop
perlopenbsd
perlopentut
perlos2
perlos390
perlos400
perlothrtut
perlpacktut
perlplan9
perlpod
perlpodspec
perlport
perlqnx
perlre
perlref
perlreftut
perlrequick
perlreref
perlretut
perlrun
perlsec
perlsolaris
perlstyle
perlsub
perlsyn
perlthrtut
perltie
perltoc
perltodo
perltooc
perltoot
perltrap
perltru64
perltw
perlunicode
perluniintro
perlutil
perluts
perlvar
perlvmesa
perlvms
perlvos
perlwin32
perlxs
perlxstut
perror
pfbtops
pftp
pgrep
phones
photo
pic
pickup
piconv
pid
pipe
pkcs7
pkcs8
pkcs12
pkg_add
pkg_check
pkg_create
pkg_delete
pkg_info
pkg_sign
pkg_version
pkill
pl2pm
place
pod2html
pod2latex
pod2man
pod2text
pod2usage
podchecker
podselect
poll
popd
popup
posix_madvise
postalias
postcat
postconf
postdrop
postfix
postkick
postlock
postlog
postmap
postqueue
postsuper
pr
pread
preadv
printcap
printenv
printf
proc
procfs
profil
protocols
prove
proxymap
ps
psed
psroff
pstruct
ptrace
publickey
pushd
puts
pwd
pwrite
pwritev
qmgr
qmqpd
quota
quotactl
radiobutton
raise
rand
ranlib
rcp
rcs
rcsclean
rcsdiff
rcsfile
rcsfreeze
rcsintro
rcsmerge
read
readelf
readlink
readonly
readv
realpath
reboot
recv
recvfrom
recvmsg
red
ree
refer
regexp
registry
regsub
rehash
remote
rename
repeat
replace
req
reset
resolver
resource
return
rev
revoke
rfcomm_sppd
rfork
rhosts
ripemd
ripemd160
rlog
rlogin
rm
rmd160
rmdir
rpc
rpcgen
rs
rsa
rsautl
rsh
rtld
rtprio
rup
ruptime
rusers
rwall
rwho
s2p
safe
sasl
sasldblistusers2
saslpasswd2
sbrk
scache
scale
scan
sched
sched_getparam
sched_getscheduler
sched_get_priority_max
sched_get_priority_min
sched_rr_get_interval
sched_setparam
sched_setscheduler
sched_yield
scon
scp
script
scrollbar
sdiff
sed
seek
select
selection
semctl
semget
semop
send
sendbug
sendfile
sendmail
sendmsg
sendto
services
sess_id
set
setegid
setenv
seteuid
setfacl
setgid
setgroups
setitimer
setlogin
setpgid
setpgrp
setpriority
setregid
setresgid
setresuid
setreuid
setrlimit
setsid
setsockopt
settc
settimeofday
setty
setuid
setvar
sftp
sh
sha
sha1
sha256
shar
shells
shift
shmat
shmctl
shmdt
shmget
showq
shutdown
sigaction
sigaltstack
sigblock
sigmask
sigpause
sigpending
sigprocmask
sigreturn
sigsetmask
sigstack
sigsuspend
sigvec
sigwait
size
slapadd
slapcat
slapd
slapdn
slapindex
slappasswd
slaptest
sleep
slogin
slurpd
smbutil
smime
smtp
smtpd
socket
socketpair
sockstat
soelim
sort
source
spawn
speed
spinbox
spkac
splain
split
squid
squid_ldap_auth
squid_ldap_group
squid_unix_group
sscop
ssh
sshd_config
ssh_config
stab
startslip
stat
statfs
stop
string
strings
strip
stty
su
subst
sum
suspend
swapoff
swapon
switch
symlink
sync
sysarch
syscall
sysconftool
sysconftoolcheck
systat
s_client
s_server
s_time
tabs
tail
talk
tar
tbl
tclsh
tcltest
tclvars
tcopy
tcpdump
tcpslice
tcsh
tee
tell
telltc
telnet
term
termcap
terminfo
test
texindex
texinfo
text
textdomain
tfmtodit
tftp
then
threads
time
tip
tk
tkerror
tkvars
tkwait
tlsmgr
tmac
top
toplevel
touch
tput
tr
trace
trafshow
trap
troff
true
truncate
truss
tset
tsort
tty
ttys
type
tzfile
ui
ul
ulimit
umask
unalias
uname
uncomplete
uncompress
undelete
unexpand
unhash
unifdef
unifdefall
uniq
units
unknown
unlimit
unlink
unmount
unset
unsetenv
until
unvis
update
uplevel
uptime
upvar
usbhidaction
usbhidctl
users
utf8
utimes
utmp
utrace
uudecode
uuencode
uuidgen
vacation
variable
verify
version
vfork
vgrind
vgrindefs
vi
vidcontrol
vidfont
view
virtual
vis
vt220keys
vwait
w
wait
wait3
wait4
waitpid
wall
wc
wget
what
whatis
where
whereis
which
while
who
whoami
whois
window
winfo
wish
wm
write
writev
wtmp
x509
xargs
xgettext
xmlwf
xstr
xsubpp
yacc
yes
ypcat
ypchfn
ypchpass
ypchsh
ypmatch
yppasswd
ypwhich
yyfix
zcat
zcmp
zdiff
zegrep
zfgrep
zforce
zgrep
zmore
znew
_exit
__syscall
 
FreeBSD/Linux/UNIX General Commands Manual
Hypertext Man Pages
perlrun
 
PERLRUN(1)	       Perl Programmers Reference Guide 	    PERLRUN(1)



NAME
       perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter

SYNOPSIS
       perl [ -sTtuUWX ]      [ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ]
	    [ -cw ] [ -d[t][:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ]
	    [ -pna ] [ -Fpattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal/hexadecimal] ]
	    [ -Idir ] [ -m[-]module ] [ -M[-]'module...' ] [ -f ]
	    [ -C [nnuummbbeerr//lliisstt] ]      [ -P ]	  [ -S ]      [ -x[dir] ]
	    [ -i[extension] ]	   [ -e 'command' ] [ -- ] [ program-
       file ] [ argument ]...

DESCRIPTION
       The normal way to run a Perl program is by making it directly exe-
       cutable, or else by passing the name of the source file as an argument
       on the command line.  (An interactive Perl environment is also possi-
       ble--see perldebug for details on how to do that.)  Upon startup, Perl
       looks for your program in one of the following places:

       1.  Specified line by line via -e switches on the command line.

       2.  Contained in the file specified by the first filename on the com-
	   mand line.  (Note that systems supporting the #! notation invoke
	   interpreters this way. See "Location of Perl".)

       3.  Passed in implicitly via standard input.  This works only if there
	   are no filename arguments--to pass arguments to a STDIN-read pro-
	   gram you must explicitly specify a "-" for the program name.

       With methods 2 and 3, Perl starts parsing the input file from the
       beginning, unless you've specified a -x switch, in which case it scans
       for the first line starting with #! and containing the word "perl", and
       starts there instead.  This is useful for running a program embedded in
       a larger message.  (In this case you would indicate the end of the pro-
       gram using the "__END__" token.)

       The #! line is always examined for switches as the line is being
       parsed.	Thus, if you're on a machine that allows only one argument
       with the #! line, or worse, doesn't even recognize the #! line, you
       still can get consistent switch behavior regardless of how Perl was
       invoked, even if -x was used to find the beginning of the program.

       Because historically some operating systems silently chopped off kernel
       interpretation of the #! line after 32 characters, some switches may be
       passed in on the command line, and some may not; you could even get a
       "-" without its letter, if you're not careful.  You probably want to
       make sure that all your switches fall either before or after that
       32-character boundary.  Most switches don't actually care if they're
       processed redundantly, but getting a "-" instead of a complete switch
       could cause Perl to try to execute standard input instead of your pro-
       gram.  And a partial -I switch could also cause odd results.

       Some switches do care if they are processed twice, for instance combi-
       nations of -l and -0.  Either put all the switches after the 32-charac-
       ter boundary (if applicable), or replace the use of -0digits by "BEGIN{
       $/ = "\0digits"; }".

       Parsing of the #! switches starts wherever "perl" is mentioned in the
       line.  The sequences "-*" and "- " are specifically ignored so that you
       could, if you were so inclined, say

	   #!/bin/sh -- # -*- perl -*- -p
	   eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
	       if $running_under_some_shell;

       to let Perl see the -p switch.

       A similar trick involves the env program, if you have it.

	   #!/usr/bin/env perl

       The examples above use a relative path to the perl interpreter, getting
       whatever version is first in the user's path.  If you want a specific
       version of Perl, say, perl5.005_57, you should place that directly in
       the #! line's path.

       If the #! line does not contain the word "perl", the program named
       after the #! is executed instead of the Perl interpreter.  This is
       slightly bizarre, but it helps people on machines that don't do #!,
       because they can tell a program that their SHELL is /usr/bin/perl, and
       Perl will then dispatch the program to the correct interpreter for
       them.

       After locating your program, Perl compiles the entire program to an
       internal form.  If there are any compilation errors, execution of the
       program is not attempted.  (This is unlike the typical shell script,
       which might run part-way through before finding a syntax error.)

       If the program is syntactically correct, it is executed.  If the pro-
       gram runs off the end without hitting an exit() or die() operator, an
       implicit exit(0) is provided to indicate successful completion.

       #! and quoting on non-Unix systems

       Unix's #! technique can be simulated on other systems:

       OS/2
	   Put

	       extproc perl -S -your_switches

	   as the first line in "*.cmd" file (-S due to a bug in cmd.exe's
	   `extproc' handling).

       MS-DOS
	   Create a batch file to run your program, and codify it in "ALTER-
	   NATE_SHEBANG" (see the dosish.h file in the source distribution for
	   more information).

       Win95/NT
	   The Win95/NT installation, when using the ActiveState installer for
	   Perl, will modify the Registry to associate the .pl extension with
	   the perl interpreter.  If you install Perl by other means (includ-
	   ing building from the sources), you may have to modify the Registry
	   yourself.  Note that this means you can no longer tell the differ-
	   ence between an executable Perl program and a Perl library file.

       Macintosh
	   Under "Classic" MacOS, a perl program will have the appropriate
	   Creator and Type, so that double-clicking them will invoke the
	   MacPerl application.  Under Mac OS X, clickable apps can be made
	   from any "#!" script using Wil Sanchez' DropScript utility:
	   http://www.wsanchez.net/software/ .

       VMS Put

	       $ perl -mysw 'f$env("procedure")' 'p1' 'p2' 'p3' 'p4' 'p5' 'p6' 'p7' 'p8' !
	       $ exit++ + ++$status != 0 and $exit = $status = undef;

	   at the top of your program, where -mysw are any command line
	   switches you want to pass to Perl.  You can now invoke the program
	   directly, by saying "perl program", or as a DCL procedure, by say-
	   ing @program (or implicitly via DCL$PATH by just using the name of
	   the program).

	   This incantation is a bit much to remember, but Perl will display
	   it for you if you say "perl "-V:startperl"".

       Command-interpreters on non-Unix systems have rather different ideas on
       quoting than Unix shells.  You'll need to learn the special characters
       in your command-interpreter ("*", "\" and """ are common) and how to
       protect whitespace and these characters to run one-liners (see -e
       below).

       On some systems, you may have to change single-quotes to double ones,
       which you must not do on Unix or Plan 9 systems.  You might also have
       to change a single % to a %%.

       For example:

	   # Unix
	   perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"'

	   # MS-DOS, etc.
	   perl -e "print \"Hello world\n\""

	   # Macintosh
	   print "Hello world\n"
	    (then Run "Myscript" or Shift-Command-R)

	   # VMS
	   perl -e "print ""Hello world\n"""

       The problem is that none of this is reliable: it depends on the command
       and it is entirely possible neither works.  If 4DOS were the command
       shell, this would probably work better:

	   perl -e "print "Hello world\n""

       CMD.EXE in Windows NT slipped a lot of standard Unix functionality in
       when nobody was looking, but just try to find documentation for its
       quoting rules.

       Under the Macintosh, it depends which environment you are using.  The
       MacPerl shell, or MPW, is much like Unix shells in its support for sev-
       eral quoting variants, except that it makes free use of the Macintosh's
       non-ASCII characters as control characters.

       There is no general solution to all of this.  It's just a mess.

       Location of Perl

       It may seem obvious to say, but Perl is useful only when users can eas-
       ily find it.  When possible, it's good for both /usr/bin/perl and
       /usr/local/bin/perl to be symlinks to the actual binary.  If that can't
       be done, system administrators are strongly encouraged to put (symlinks
       to) perl and its accompanying utilities into a directory typically
       found along a user's PATH, or in some other obvious and convenient
       place.

       In this documentation, "#!/usr/bin/perl" on the first line of the pro-
       gram will stand in for whatever method works on your system.  You are
       advised to use a specific path if you care about a specific version.

	   #!/usr/local/bin/perl5.00554

       or if you just want to be running at least version, place a statement
       like this at the top of your program:

	   use 5.005_54;

       Command Switches

       As with all standard commands, a single-character switch may be clus-
       tered with the following switch, if any.

	   #!/usr/bin/perl -spi.orig   # same as -s -p -i.orig

       Switches include:

       -0[octal/hexadecimal]
	    specifies the input record separator ($/) as an octal or hexadeci-
	    mal number.  If there are no digits, the null character is the
	    separator.	Other switches may precede or follow the digits.  For
	    example, if you have a version of find which can print filenames
	    terminated by the null character, you can say this:

		find . -name '*.orig' -print0 | perl -n0e unlink

	    The special value 00 will cause Perl to slurp files in paragraph
	    mode.  The value 0777 will cause Perl to slurp files whole because
	    there is no legal byte with that value.

	    If you want to specify any Unicode character, use the hexadecimal
	    format: "-0xHHH...", where the "H" are valid hexadecimal digits.
	    (This means that you cannot use the "-x" with a directory name
	    that consists of hexadecimal digits.)

       -a   turns on autosplit mode when used with a -n or -p.	An implicit
	    split command to the @F array is done as the first thing inside
	    the implicit while loop produced by the -n or -p.

		perl -ane 'print pop(@F), "\n";'

	    is equivalent to

		while (<>) {
		    @F = split(' ');
		    print pop(@F), "\n";
		}

	    An alternate delimiter may be specified using -F.

       -C [nnuummbbeerr//lliisstt]
	    The "-C" flag controls some Unicode of the Perl Unicode features.

	    As of 5.8.1, the "-C" can be followed either by a number or a list
	    of option letters.	The letters, their numeric values, and effects
	    are as follows; listing the letters is equal to summing the num-
	    bers.

		I     1    STDIN is assumed to be in UTF-8
		O     2    STDOUT will be in UTF-8
		E     4    STDERR will be in UTF-8
		S     7    I + O + E
		i     8    UTF-8 is the default PerlIO layer for input streams
		o    16    UTF-8 is the default PerlIO layer for output streams
		D    24    i + o
		A    32    the @ARGV elements are expected to be strings encoded in UTF-8
		L    64    normally the "IOEioA" are unconditional,
			   the L makes them conditional on the locale environment
			   variables (the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE, and LANG, in the order
			   of decreasing precedence) -- if the variables indicate
			   UTF-8, then the selected "IOEioA" are in effect

	    For example, "-COE" and "-C6" will both turn on UTF-8-ness on both
	    STDOUT and STDERR.	Repeating letters is just redundant, not cumu-
	    lative nor toggling.

	    The "io" options mean that any subsequent open() (or similar I/O
	    operations) will have the ":utf8" PerlIO layer implicitly applied
	    to them, in other words, UTF-8 is expected from any input stream,
	    and UTF-8 is produced to any output stream.  This is just the
	    default, with explicit layers in open() and with binmode() one can
	    manipulate streams as usual.

	    "-C" on its own (not followed by any number or option list), or
	    the empty string "" for the "PERL_UNICODE" environment variable,
	    has the same effect as "-CSDL".  In other words, the standard I/O
	    handles and the default "open()" layer are UTF-8-fied but only if
	    the locale environment variables indicate a UTF-8 locale.  This
	    behaviour follows the implicit (and problematic) UTF-8 behaviour
	    of Perl 5.8.0.

	    You can use "-C0" (or "0" for "PERL_UNICODE") to explicitly dis-
	    able all the above Unicode features.

	    The read-only magic variable "${^UNICODE}" reflects the numeric
	    value of this setting.  This is variable is set during Perl
	    startup and is thereafter read-only.  If you want runtime effects,
	    use the three-arg open() (see "open" in perlfunc), the two-arg
	    binmode() (see "binmode" in perlfunc), and the "open" pragma (see
	    open).

	    (In Perls earlier than 5.8.1 the "-C" switch was a Win32-only
	    switch that enabled the use of Unicode-aware "wide system call"
	    Win32 APIs.  This feature was practically unused, however, and the
	    command line switch was therefore "recycled".)

       -c   causes Perl to check the syntax of the program and then exit with-
	    out executing it.  Actually, it will execute "BEGIN", "CHECK", and
	    "use" blocks, because these are considered as occurring outside
	    the execution of your program.  "INIT" and "END" blocks, however,
	    will be skipped.

       -d
       -dt  runs the program under the Perl debugger.  See perldebug.  If t is
	    specified, it indicates to the debugger that threads will be used
	    in the code being debugged.

       -d:foo[=bar,baz]
       -dt:foo[=bar,baz]
	    runs the program under the control of a debugging, profiling, or
	    tracing module installed as Devel::foo. E.g., -d:DProf executes
	    the program using the Devel::DProf profiler.  As with the -M flag,
	    options may be passed to the Devel::foo package where they will be
	    received and interpreted by the Devel::foo::import routine.  The
	    comma-separated list of options must follow a "=" character.  If t
	    is specified, it indicates to the debugger that threads will be
	    used in the code being debugged.  See perldebug.

       -Dletters
       -Dnumber
	    sets debugging flags.  To watch how it executes your program, use
	    -Dtls.  (This works only if debugging is compiled into your Perl.)
	    Another nice value is -Dx, which lists your compiled syntax tree.
	    And -Dr displays compiled regular expressions; the format of the
	    output is explained in perldebguts.

	    As an alternative, specify a number instead of list of letters
	    (e.g., -D14 is equivalent to -Dtls):

		    1  p  Tokenizing and parsing
		    2  s  Stack snapshots (with v, displays all stacks)
		    4  l  Context (loop) stack processing
		    8  t  Trace execution
		   16  o  Method and overloading resolution
		   32  c  String/numeric conversions
		   64  P  Print profiling info, preprocessor command for -P, source file input state
		  128  m  Memory allocation
		  256  f  Format processing
		  512  r  Regular expression parsing and execution
		 1024  x  Syntax tree dump
		 2048  u  Tainting checks
		 4096	  (Obsolete, previously used for LEAKTEST)
		 8192  H  Hash dump -- usurps values()
		16384  X  Scratchpad allocation
		32768  D  Cleaning up
		65536  S  Thread synchronization
	       131072  T  Tokenising
	       262144  R  Include reference counts of dumped variables (eg when using -Ds)
	       524288  J  Do not s,t,P-debug (Jump over) opcodes within package DB
	      1048576  v  Verbose: use in conjunction with other flags
	      8388608  q  quiet - currently only suppresses the "EXECUTING" message

	    All these flags require -DDEBUGGING when you compile the Perl exe-
	    cutable (but see Devel::Peek, re which may change this).  See the
	    INSTALL file in the Perl source distribution for how to do this.
	    This flag is automatically set if you include -g option when "Con-
	    figure" asks you about optimizer/debugger flags.

	    If you're just trying to get a print out of each line of Perl code
	    as it executes, the way that "sh -x" provides for shell scripts,
	    you can't use Perl's -D switch.  Instead do this

	      # If you have "env" utility
	      env PERLDB_OPTS="NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2" perl -dS program

	      # Bourne shell syntax
	      $ PERLDB_OPTS="NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2" perl -dS program

	      # csh syntax
	      % (setenv PERLDB_OPTS "NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2"; perl -dS program)

	    See perldebug for details and variations.

       -e commandline
	    may be used to enter one line of program.  If -e is given, Perl
	    will not look for a filename in the argument list.	Multiple -e
	    commands may be given to build up a multi-line script.  Make sure
	    to use semicolons where you would in a normal program.

       -f   Disable executing $Config{sitelib}/sitecustomize.pl at startup.

	    Perl can be built so that it by default will try to execute $Con-
	    fig{sitelib}/sitecustomize.pl at startup.  This is a hook that
	    allows the sysadmin to customize how perl behaves.	It can for
	    instance be used to add entries to the @INC array to make perl
	    find modules in non-standard locations.

       -Fpattern
	    specifies the pattern to split on if -a is also in effect.	The
	    pattern may be surrounded by "//", "", or '', otherwise it will be
	    put in single quotes. You can't use literal whitespace in the pat-
	    tern.

       -h   prints a summary of the options.

       -i[extension]
	    specifies that files processed by the "<>" construct are to be
	    edited in-place.  It does this by renaming the input file, opening
	    the output file by the original name, and selecting that output
	    file as the default for print() statements.  The extension, if
	    supplied, is used to modify the name of the old file to make a
	    backup copy, following these rules:

	    If no extension is supplied, no backup is made and the current
	    file is overwritten.

	    If the extension doesn't contain a "*", then it is appended to the
	    end of the current filename as a suffix.  If the extension does
	    contain one or more "*" characters, then each "*" is replaced with
	    the current filename.  In Perl terms, you could think of this as:

		($backup = $extension) =~ s/\*/$file_name/g;

	    This allows you to add a prefix to the backup file, instead of (or
	    in addition to) a suffix:

		$ perl -pi'orig_*' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA    # backup to 'orig_fileA'

	    Or even to place backup copies of the original files into another
	    directory (provided the directory already exists):

		$ perl -pi'old/*.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'old/fileA.orig'

	    These sets of one-liners are equivalent:

		$ perl -pi -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA	    # overwrite current file
		$ perl -pi'*' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA	    # overwrite current file

		$ perl -pi'.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA     # backup to 'fileA.orig'
		$ perl -pi'*.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA    # backup to 'fileA.orig'

	    From the shell, saying

		$ perl -p -i.orig -e "s/foo/bar/; ... "

	    is the same as using the program:

		#!/usr/bin/perl -pi.orig
		s/foo/bar/;

	    which is equivalent to

		#!/usr/bin/perl
		$extension = '.orig';
		LINE: while (<>) {
		    if ($ARGV ne $oldargv) {
			if ($extension !~ /\*/) {
			    $backup = $ARGV . $extension;
			}
			else {
			    ($backup = $extension) =~ s/\*/$ARGV/g;
			}
			rename($ARGV, $backup);
			open(ARGVOUT, ">$ARGV");
			select(ARGVOUT);
			$oldargv = $ARGV;
		    }
		    s/foo/bar/;
		}
		continue {
		    print;  # this prints to original filename
		}
		select(STDOUT);

	    except that the -i form doesn't need to compare $ARGV to $oldargv
	    to know when the filename has changed.  It does, however, use
	    ARGVOUT for the selected filehandle.  Note that STDOUT is restored
	    as the default output filehandle after the loop.

	    As shown above, Perl creates the backup file whether or not any
	    output is actually changed.  So this is just a fancy way to copy
	    files:

		$ perl -p -i'/some/file/path/*' -e 1 file1 file2 file3...
	    or
		$ perl -p -i'.orig' -e 1 file1 file2 file3...

	    You can use "eof" without parentheses to locate the end of each
	    input file, in case you want to append to each file, or reset line
	    numbering (see example in "eof" in perlfunc).

	    If, for a given file, Perl is unable to create the backup file as
	    specified in the extension then it will skip that file and con-
	    tinue on with the next one (if it exists).

	    For a discussion of issues surrounding file permissions and -i,
	    see "Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i
	    clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?" in perlfaq5.

	    You cannot use -i to create directories or to strip extensions
	    from files.

	    Perl does not expand "~" in filenames, which is good, since some
	    folks use it for their backup files:

		$ perl -pi~ -e 's/foo/bar/' file1 file2 file3...

	    Note that because -i renames or deletes the original file before
	    creating a new file of the same name, UNIX-style soft and hard
	    links will not be preserved.

	    Finally, the -i switch does not impede execution when no files are
	    given on the command line.	In this case, no backup is made (the
	    original file cannot, of course, be determined) and processing
	    proceeds from STDIN to STDOUT as might be expected.

       -Idirectory
	    Directories specified by -I are prepended to the search path for
	    modules (@INC), and also tells the C preprocessor where to search
	    for include files.	The C preprocessor is invoked with -P; by
	    default it searches /usr/include and /usr/lib/perl.

       -l[octnum]
	    enables automatic line-ending processing.  It has two separate
	    effects.  First, it automatically chomps $/ (the input record sep-
	    arator) when used with -n or -p.  Second, it assigns "$\" (the
	    output record separator) to have the value of octnum so that any
	    print statements will have that separator added back on.  If oct-
	    num is omitted, sets "$\" to the current value of $/.  For
	    instance, to trim lines to 80 columns:

		perl -lpe 'substr($_, 80) = ""'

	    Note that the assignment "$\ = $/" is done when the switch is pro-
	    cessed, so the input record separator can be different than the
	    output record separator if the -l switch is followed by a -0
	    switch:

		gnufind / -print0 | perl -ln0e 'print "found $_" if -p'

	    This sets "$\" to newline and then sets $/ to the null character.

       -m[-]module
       -M[-]module
       -M[-]'module ...'
       -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]...
	    -mmodule executes "use" module "();" before executing your pro-
	    gram.

	    -Mmodule executes "use" module ";" before executing your program.
	    You can use quotes to add extra code after the module name, e.g.,
	    '-Mmodule qw(foo bar)'.

	    If the first character after the -M or -m is a dash ("-") then the
	    'use' is replaced with 'no'.

	    A little builtin syntactic sugar means you can also say -mmod-
	    ule=foo,bar or -Mmodule=foo,bar as a shortcut for '-Mmodule qw(foo
	    bar)'.  This avoids the need to use quotes when importing symbols.
	    The actual code generated by -Mmodule=foo,bar is "use module
	    split(/,/,q{foo,bar})".  Note that the "=" form removes the dis-
	    tinction between -m and -M.

	    A consequence of this is that -MFoo=number never does a version
	    check (unless "Foo::import()" itself is set up to do a version
	    check, which could happen for example if Foo inherits from
	    Exporter.)

       -n   causes Perl to assume the following loop around your program,
	    which makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like sed
	    -n or awk:

	      LINE:
		while (<>) {
		    ... 	    # your program goes here
		}

	    Note that the lines are not printed by default.  See -p to have
	    lines printed.  If a file named by an argument cannot be opened
	    for some reason, Perl warns you about it and moves on to the next
	    file.

	    Here is an efficient way to delete all files that haven't been
	    modified for at least a week:

		find . -mtime +7 -print | perl -nle unlink

	    This is faster than using the -exec switch of find because you
	    don't have to start a process on every filename found.  It does
	    suffer from the bug of mishandling newlines in pathnames, which
	    you can fix if you follow the example under -0.

	    "BEGIN" and "END" blocks may be used to capture control before or
	    after the implicit program loop, just as in awk.

       -p   causes Perl to assume the following loop around your program,
	    which makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like sed:

	      LINE:
		while (<>) {
		    ... 	    # your program goes here
		} continue {
		    print or die "-p destination: $!\n";
		}

	    If a file named by an argument cannot be opened for some reason,
	    Perl warns you about it, and moves on to the next file.  Note that
	    the lines are printed automatically.  An error occurring during
	    printing is treated as fatal.  To suppress printing use the -n
	    switch.  A -p overrides a -n switch.

	    "BEGIN" and "END" blocks may be used to capture control before or
	    after the implicit loop, just as in awk.

       -P   NOTE: Use of -P is strongly discouraged because of its inherent
	    problems, including poor portability.

	    This option causes your program to be run through the C preproces-
	    sor before compilation by Perl.  Because both comments and cpp
	    directives begin with the # character, you should avoid starting
	    comments with any words recognized by the C preprocessor such as
	    "if", "else", or "define".

	    If you're considering using "-P", you might also want to look at
	    the Filter::cpp module from CPAN.

	    The problems of -P include, but are not limited to:

	    *	      The "#!" line is stripped, so any switches there don't
		      apply.

	    *	      A "-P" on a "#!" line doesn't work.

	    *	      All lines that begin with (whitespace and) a "#" but do
		      not look like cpp commands, are stripped, including any-
		      thing inside Perl strings, regular expressions, and
		      here-docs .

	    *	      In some platforms the C preprocessor knows too much: it
		      knows about the C++ -style until-end-of-line comments
		      starting with "//".  This will cause problems with com-
		      mon Perl constructs like

			  s/foo//;

		      because after -P this will became illegal code

			  s/foo

		      The workaround is to use some other quoting separator
		      than "/", like for example "!":

			  s!foo!!;

	    *	      It requires not only a working C preprocessor but also a
		      working sed.  If not on UNIX, you are probably out of
		      luck on this.

	    *	      Script line numbers are not preserved.

	    *	      The "-x" does not work with "-P".

       -s   enables rudimentary switch parsing for switches on the command
	    line after the program name but before any filename arguments (or
	    before an argument of --).	Any switch found there is removed from
	    @ARGV and sets the corresponding variable in the Perl program.
	    The following program prints "1" if the program is invoked with a
	    -xyz switch, and "abc" if it is invoked with -xyz=abc.

		#!/usr/bin/perl -s
		if ($xyz) { print "$xyz\n" }

	    Do note that a switch like --help creates the variable ${-help},
	    which is not compliant with "strict refs".	Also, when using this
	    option on a script with warnings enabled you may get a lot of spu-
	    rious "used only once" warnings.

       -S   makes Perl use the PATH environment variable to search for the
	    program (unless the name of the program contains directory separa-
	    tors).

	    On some platforms, this also makes Perl append suffixes to the
	    filename while searching for it.  For example, on Win32 platforms,
	    the ".bat" and ".cmd" suffixes are appended if a lookup for the
	    original name fails, and if the name does not already end in one
	    of those suffixes.	If your Perl was compiled with DEBUGGING
	    turned on, using the -Dp switch to Perl shows how the search pro-
	    gresses.

	    Typically this is used to emulate #! startup on platforms that
	    don't support #!.  Its also convenient when debugging a script
	    that uses #!, and is thus normally found by the shell's $PATH
	    search mechanism.

	    This example works on many platforms that have a shell compatible
	    with Bourne shell:

		#!/usr/bin/perl
		eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
			if $running_under_some_shell;

	    The system ignores the first line and feeds the program to
	    /bin/sh, which proceeds to try to execute the Perl program as a
	    shell script.  The shell executes the second line as a normal
	    shell command, and thus starts up the Perl interpreter.  On some
	    systems $0 doesn't always contain the full pathname, so the -S
	    tells Perl to search for the program if necessary.	After Perl
	    locates the program, it parses the lines and ignores them because
	    the variable $running_under_some_shell is never true.  If the pro-
	    gram will be interpreted by csh, you will need to replace
	    "${1+"$@"}" with $*, even though that doesn't understand embedded
	    spaces (and such) in the argument list.  To start up sh rather
	    than csh, some systems may have to replace the #! line with a line
	    containing just a colon, which will be politely ignored by Perl.
	    Other systems can't control that, and need a totally devious con-
	    struct that will work under any of csh, sh, or Perl, such as the
	    following:

		    eval '(exit $?0)' && eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
		    & eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -wS $0 $argv:q'
			    if $running_under_some_shell;

	    If the filename supplied contains directory separators (i.e., is
	    an absolute or relative pathname), and if that file is not found,
	    platforms that append file extensions will do so and try to look
	    for the file with those extensions added, one by one.

	    On DOS-like platforms, if the program does not contain directory
	    separators, it will first be searched for in the current directory
	    before being searched for on the PATH.  On Unix platforms, the
	    program will be searched for strictly on the PATH.

       -t   Like -T, but taint checks will issue warnings rather than fatal
	    errors.  These warnings can be controlled normally with "no warn-
	    ings qw(taint)".

	    NOTE: this is not a substitute for -T. This is meant only to be
	    used as a temporary development aid while securing legacy code:
	    for real production code and for new secure code written from
	    scratch always use the real -T.

       -T   forces "taint" checks to be turned on so you can test them.  Ordi-
	    narily these checks are done only when running setuid or setgid.
	    It's a good idea to turn them on explicitly for programs that run
	    on behalf of someone else whom you might not necessarily trust,
	    such as CGI programs or any internet servers you might write in
	    Perl.  See perlsec for details.  For security reasons, this option
	    must be seen by Perl quite early; usually this means it must
	    appear early on the command line or in the #! line for systems
	    which support that construct.

       -u   This obsolete switch causes Perl to dump core after compiling your
	    program.  You can then in theory take this core dump and turn it
	    into an executable file by using the undump program (not sup-
	    plied).  This speeds startup at the expense of some disk space
	    (which you can minimize by stripping the executable).  (Still, a
	    "hello world" executable comes out to about 200K on my machine.)
	    If you want to execute a portion of your program before dumping,
	    use the dump() operator instead.  Note: availability of undump is
	    platform specific and may not be available for a specific port of
	    Perl.

	    This switch has been superseded in favor of the new Perl code gen-
	    erator backends to the compiler.  See B and B::Bytecode for
	    details.

       -U   allows Perl to do unsafe operations.  Currently the only "unsafe"
	    operations are attempting to unlink directories while running as
	    superuser, and running setuid programs with fatal taint checks
	    turned into warnings.  Note that the -w switch (or the $^W vari-
	    able) must be used along with this option to actually generate the
	    taint-check warnings.

       -v   prints the version and patchlevel of your perl executable.

       -V   prints summary of the major perl configuration values and the cur-
	    rent values of @INC.

       -V:configvar
	    Prints to STDOUT the value of the named configuration variable(s),
	    with multiples when your configvar argument looks like a regex
	    (has non-letters).	For example:

		$ perl -V:libc
		    libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so';
		$ perl -V:lib.
		    libs='-lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc';
		    libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so';
		$ perl -V:lib.*
		    libpth='/usr/local/lib /lib /usr/lib';
		    libs='-lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc';
		    lib_ext='.a';
		    libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so';
		    libperl='libperl.a';
		    ....

	    Additionally, extra colons can be used to control formatting.  A
	    trailing colon suppresses the linefeed and terminator ';', allow-
	    ing you to embed queries into shell commands.  (mnemonic: PATH
	    separator ':'.)

		$ echo "compression-vars: " `perl -V:z.*: ` " are here !"
		compression-vars:  zcat='' zip='zip'  are here !

	    A leading colon removes the 'name=' part of the response, this
	    allows you to map to the name you need.  (mnemonic: empty label)

		$ echo "goodvfork="`./perl -Ilib -V::usevfork`
		goodvfork=false;

	    Leading and trailing colons can be used together if you need posi-
	    tional parameter values without the names.	Note that in the case
	    below, the PERL_API params are returned in alphabetical order.

		$ echo building_on `perl -V::osname: -V::PERL_API_.*:` now
		building_on 'linux' '5' '1' '9' now

       -w   prints warnings about dubious constructs, such as variable names
	    that are mentioned only once and scalar variables that are used
	    before being set, redefined subroutines, references to undefined
	    filehandles or filehandles opened read-only that you are attempt-
	    ing to write on, values used as a number that don't look like num-
	    bers, using an array as though it were a scalar, if your subrou-
	    tines recurse more than 100 deep, and innumerable other things.

	    This switch really just enables the internal $^W variable.	You
	    can disable or promote into fatal errors specific warnings using
	    "__WARN__" hooks, as described in perlvar and "warn" in perlfunc.
	    See also perldiag and perltrap.  A new, fine-grained warning
	    facility is also available if you want to manipulate entire
	    classes of warnings; see warnings or perllexwarn.

       -W   Enables all warnings regardless of "no warnings" or $^W.  See per-
	    llexwarn.

       -X   Disables all warnings regardless of "use warnings" or $^W.	See
	    perllexwarn.

       -x
       -x directory
	    tells Perl that the program is embedded in a larger chunk of unre-
	    lated ASCII text, such as in a mail message.  Leading garbage will
	    be discarded until the first line that starts with #! and contains
	    the string "perl".	Any meaningful switches on that line will be
	    applied.  If a directory name is specified, Perl will switch to
	    that directory before running the program.	The -x switch controls
	    only the disposal of leading garbage.  The program must be termi-
	    nated with "__END__" if there is trailing garbage to be ignored
	    (the program can process any or all of the trailing garbage via
	    the DATA filehandle if desired).

ENVIRONMENT
       HOME	   Used if chdir has no argument.

       LOGDIR	   Used if chdir has no argument and HOME is not set.

       PATH	   Used in executing subprocesses, and in finding the program
		   if -S is used.

       PERL5LIB    A list of directories in which to look for Perl library
		   files before looking in the standard library and the cur-
		   rent directory.  Any architecture-specific directories
		   under the specified locations are automatically included if
		   they exist.	If PERL5LIB is not defined, PERLLIB is used.
		   Directories are separated (like in PATH) by a colon on
		   unixish platforms and by a semicolon on Windows (the proper
		   path separator being given by the command "perl
		   -V:path_sep").

		   When running taint checks (either because the program was
		   running setuid or setgid, or the -T switch was used), nei-
		   ther variable is used.  The program should instead say:

		       use lib "/my/directory";

       PERL5OPT    Command-line options (switches).  Switches in this variable
		   are taken as if they were on every Perl command line.  Only
		   the -[DIMUdmtw] switches are allowed.  When running taint
		   checks (because the program was running setuid or setgid,
		   or the -T switch was used), this variable is ignored.  If
		   PERL5OPT begins with -T, tainting will be enabled, and any
		   subsequent options ignored.

       PERLIO	   A space (or colon) separated list of PerlIO layers. If perl
		   is built to use PerlIO system for IO (the default) these
		   layers effect perl's IO.

		   It is conventional to start layer names with a colon e.g.
		   ":perlio" to emphasise their similarity to variable
		   "attributes". But the code that parses layer specification
		   strings (which is also used to decode the PERLIO environ-
		   ment variable) treats the colon as a separator.

		   An unset or empty PERLIO is equivalent to ":stdio".

		   The list becomes the default for all perl's IO. Conse-
		   quently only built-in layers can appear in this list, as
		   external layers (such as :encoding()) need IO in  order to
		   load them!. See "open pragma" for how to add external
		   encodings as defaults.

		   The layers that it makes sense to include in the PERLIO
		   environment variable are briefly summarised below. For more
		   details see PerlIO.

		   :bytes  A pseudolayer that turns off the ":utf8" flag for
			   the layer below.  Unlikely to be useful on its own
			   in the global PERLIO environment variable.  You
			   perhaps were thinking of ":crlf:bytes" or ":per-
			   lio:bytes".

		   :crlf   A layer which does CRLF to "\n" translation distin-
			   guishing "text" and "binary" files in the manner of
			   MS-DOS and similar operating systems.  (It cur-
			   rently does not mimic MS-DOS as far as treating of
			   Control-Z as being an end-of-file marker.)

		   :mmap   A layer which implements "reading" of files by
			   using "mmap()" to make (whole) file appear in the
			   process's address space, and then using that as
			   PerlIO's "buffer".

		   :perlio This is a re-implementation of "stdio-like" buffer-
			   ing written as a PerlIO "layer".  As such it will
			   call whatever layer is below it for its operations
			   (typically ":unix").

		   :pop    An experimental pseudolayer that removes the top-
			   most layer.	Use with the same care as is reserved
			   for nitroglycerin.

		   :raw    A pseudolayer that manipulates other layers.
			   Applying the ":raw" layer is equivalent to calling
			   "binmode($fh)".  It makes the stream pass each byte
			   as-is without any translation.  In particular CRLF
			   translation, and/or :utf8 intuited from locale are
			   disabled.

			   Unlike in the earlier versions of Perl ":raw" is
			   not just the inverse of ":crlf" - other layers
			   which would affect the binary nature of the stream
			   are also removed or disabled.

		   :stdio  This layer provides PerlIO interface by wrapping
			   system's ANSI C "stdio" library calls. The layer
			   provides both buffering and IO.  Note that ":stdio"
			   layer does not do CRLF translation even if that is
			   platforms normal behaviour. You will need a ":crlf"
			   layer above it to do that.

		   :unix   Low level layer which calls "read", "write" and
			   "lseek" etc.

		   :utf8   A pseudolayer that turns on a flag on the layer
			   below to tell perl that output should be in utf8
			   and that input should be regarded as already in
			   utf8 form.  May be useful in PERLIO environment
			   variable to make UTF-8 the default. (To turn off
			   that behaviour use ":bytes" layer.)

		   :win32  On Win32 platforms this experimental layer uses
			   native "handle" IO rather than unix-like numeric
			   file descriptor layer. Known to be buggy in this
			   release.

		   On all platforms the default set of layers should give
		   acceptable results.

		   For UNIX platforms that will equivalent of "unix perlio" or
		   "stdio".  Configure is setup to prefer "stdio" implementa-
		   tion if system's library provides for fast access to the
		   buffer, otherwise it uses the "unix perlio" implementation.

		   On Win32 the default in this release is "unix crlf".
		   Win32's "stdio" has a number of bugs/mis-features for perl
		   IO which are somewhat C compiler vendor/version dependent.
		   Using our own "crlf" layer as the buffer avoids those
		   issues and makes things more uniform.  The "crlf" layer
		   provides CRLF to/from "\n" conversion as well as buffering.

		   This release uses "unix" as the bottom layer on Win32 and
		   so still uses C compiler's numeric file descriptor rou-
		   tines. There is an experimental native "win32" layer which
		   is expected to be enhanced and should eventually be the
		   default under Win32.

       PERLIO_DEBUG
		   If set to the name of a file or device then certain opera-
		   tions of PerlIO sub-system will be logged to that file
		   (opened as append). Typical uses are UNIX:

		      PERLIO_DEBUG=/dev/tty perl script ...

		   and Win32 approximate equivalent:

		      set PERLIO_DEBUG=CON
		      perl script ...

		   This functionality is disabled for setuid scripts and for
		   scripts run with -T.

       PERLLIB	   A list of directories in which to look for Perl library
		   files before looking in the standard library and the cur-
		   rent directory.  If PERL5LIB is defined, PERLLIB is not
		   used.

       PERL5DB	   The command used to load the debugger code.	The default
		   is:

			   BEGIN { require 'perl5db.pl' }

       PERL5DB_THREADED
		   If set to a true value, indicates to the debugger that the
		   code being debugged uses threads.

       PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port)
		   May be set to an alternative shell that perl must use
		   internally for executing "backtick" commands or system().
		   Default is "cmd.exe /x/d/c" on WindowsNT and "command.com
		   /c" on Windows95.  The value is considered to be space-sep-
		   arated.  Precede any character that needs to be protected
		   (like a space or backslash) with a backslash.

		   Note that Perl doesn't use COMSPEC for this purpose because
		   COMSPEC has a high degree of variability among users, lead-
		   ing to portability concerns.  Besides, perl can use a shell
		   that may not be fit for interactive use, and setting COM-
		   SPEC to such a shell may interfere with the proper func-
		   tioning of other programs (which usually look in COMSPEC to
		   find a shell fit for interactive use).

       PERL_ALLOW_NON_IFS_LSP (specific to the Win32 port)
		   Set to 1 to allow the use of non-IFS compatible LSP's.
		   Perl normally searches for an IFS-compatible LSP because
		   this is required for its emulation of Windows sockets as
		   real filehandles.  However, this may cause problems if you
		   have a firewall such as McAfee Guardian which requires all
		   applications to use its LSP which is not IFS-compatible,
		   because clearly Perl will normally avoid using such an LSP.
		   Setting this environment variable to 1 means that Perl will
		   simply use the first suitable LSP enumerated in the cata-
		   log, which keeps McAfee Guardian happy (and in that partic-
		   ular case Perl still works too because McAfee Guardian's
		   LSP actually plays some other games which allow applica-
		   tions requiring IFS compatibility to work).

       PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS
		   Relevant only if perl is compiled with the malloc included
		   with the perl distribution (that is, if "perl -V:d_mymal-
		   loc" is 'define').  If set, this causes memory statistics
		   to be dumped after execution.  If set to an integer greater
		   than one, also causes memory statistics to be dumped after
		   compilation.

       PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
		   Relevant only if your perl executable was built with -DDE-
		   BUGGING, this controls the behavior of global destruction
		   of objects and other references.  See "PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL"
		   in perlhack for more information.

       PERL_DL_NONLAZY
		   Set to one to have perl resolve all undefined symbols when
		   it loads a dynamic library.	The default behaviour is to
		   resolve symbols when they are used.	Setting this variable
		   is useful during testing of extensions as it ensures that
		   you get an error on misspelled function names even if the
		   test suite doesn't call it.

       PERL_ENCODING
		   If using the "encoding" pragma without an explicit encoding
		   name, the PERL_ENCODING environment variable is consulted
		   for an encoding name.

       PERL_HASH_SEED
		   (Since Perl 5.8.1.)	Used to randomise Perl's internal hash
		   function.  To emulate the pre-5.8.1 behaviour, set to an
		   integer (zero means exactly the same order as 5.8.0).
		   "Pre-5.8.1" means, among other things, that hash keys will
		   be ordered the same between different runs of Perl.

		   The default behaviour is to randomise unless the
		   PERL_HASH_SEED is set.  If Perl has been compiled with
		   "-DUSE_HASH_SEED_EXPLICIT", the default behaviour is not to
		   randomise unless the PERL_HASH_SEED is set.

		   If PERL_HASH_SEED is unset or set to a non-numeric string,
		   Perl uses the pseudorandom seed supplied by the operating
		   system and libraries.  This means that each different run
		   of Perl will have a different ordering of the results of
		   keys(), values(), and each().

		   Please note that the hash seed is sensitive information.
		   Hashes are randomized to protect against local and remote
		   attacks against Perl code. By manually setting a seed this
		   protection may be partially or completely lost.

		   See "Algorithmic Complexity Attacks" in perlsec and
		   "PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG" for more information.

       PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG
		   (Since Perl 5.8.1.)	Set to one to display (to STDERR) the
		   value of the hash seed at the beginning of execution.
		   This, combined with "PERL_HASH_SEED" is intended to aid in
		   debugging nondeterministic behavior caused by hash random-
		   ization.

		   Note that the hash seed is sensitive information: by know-
		   ing it one can craft a denial-of-service attack against
		   Perl code, even remotely, see "Algorithmic Complexity
		   Attacks" in perlsec for more information.  Do not disclose
		   the hash seed to people who don't need to know it.  See
		   also hash_seed() of Hash::Util.

       PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port)
		   A translation concealed rooted logical name that contains
		   perl and the logical device for the @INC path on VMS only.
		   Other logical names that affect perl on VMS include PERL-
		   SHR, PERL_ENV_TABLES, and SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL but are
		   optional and discussed further in perlvms and in README.vms
		   in the Perl source distribution.

       PERL_SIGNALS
		   In Perls 5.8.1 and later.  If set to "unsafe" the
		   pre-Perl-5.8.0 signals behaviour (immediate but unsafe) is
		   restored.  If set to "safe" the safe (or deferred) signals
		   are used.  See "Deferred Signals (Safe Signals)" in per-
		   lipc.

       PERL_UNICODE
		   Equivalent to the -C command-line switch.  Note that this
		   is not a boolean variable-- setting this to "1" is not the
		   right way to "enable Unicode" (whatever that would mean).
		   You can use "0" to "disable Unicode", though (or alterna-
		   tively unset PERL_UNICODE in your shell before starting
		   Perl).  See the description of the "-C" switch for more
		   information.

       SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
		   Used if chdir has no argument and HOME and LOGDIR are not
		   set.

       Perl also has environment variables that control how Perl handles data
       specific to particular natural languages.  See perllocale.

       Apart from these, Perl uses no other environment variables, except to
       make them available to the program being executed, and to child pro-
       cesses.	However, programs running setuid would do well to execute the
       following lines before doing anything else, just to keep people honest:

	   $ENV{PATH}  = '/bin:/usr/bin';    # or whatever you need
	   $ENV{SHELL} = '/bin/sh' if exists $ENV{SHELL};
	   delete @ENV{qw(IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)};



perl v5.8.8			  2006-01-07			    PERLRUN(1)
=19607
+925
(88)